scholarly journals Experimental Use Of a Market-Based Approach to the Efficient Allocation of Resources within the Government Budget

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 3-16
Author(s):  
Vladimír Štípek
Keyword(s):  
Efficient Allocation ◽  
Allocation Of Resources ◽  
Government Budget ◽  
The Government ◽  
Experimental Use

scholarly journals Government as a Key Duty Bearer in Transition Reforms from Socialism to Capitalism-The Case of Albania

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (32) ◽  
pp. 84
Author(s):  
Arlinda Ymeraj
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Efficient Allocation ◽  
Allocation Of Resources ◽  
The Past ◽  
Socialist System ◽  
The Government ◽  
Effective Distribution

The paper “Government as a key duty bearer in transition reforms from socialism to capitalism – the case of Albania”, addresses the way in which the government should exercise its power to ensure that citizens have equal access to social welfare services, enjoying their rights. Albania, like other Central and Eastern European countries experienced the past socialist system, which failed. The failure of the socialist system was the failure of the state: in political, economic and social terms. As far as economic policies are concerned, all data demonstrate the collapse of socialism, because the system was based on inefficiency, which eroded growth. Regardless of the principles of communist regimes adopted in former communist countries’ Constitutions, the past system brought neither equity nor justice, and therefore instead of “social cohesion”, the contradictions among social groups and categories, deepened. After the failure of socialism, Albania embarked on the new path aimed at establishing democratic regimes through the protection of human rights and at raising the standard of living. Albania has been proactive in ratifying international conventions relating to human rights in general and to vulnerable groups. Very recently, on June 2014, the European Council granted Albania candidate status, as a recognition for the reform steps undertaken in harmonizing its domestic organic laws and legislation with international standards. As part of these twin obligations from UN intergovernmental and EU processes, Albanian governments after the 90s have been progressively taking measures vis-à-vis efficient allocation of resources and effective distribution of social welfare. Nevertheless, Albanian citizens live in a dire reality. Therefore, after 25 years of transition, one of the main goals of reforms, “Efficient allocation of resources to boost growth and effective distribution of social welfare to enhance equity”, seems not to have been achieved. Undoubtedly, this influences the controversial opinions about the government’s control vis-à-vis government’s mode of functioning, advancing arguments that examine whether it is a question of abuse or that of concentration of power.

The Effects of an overvalued Exchange Rate on The Iranian Economy,1979–1984

1986 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Lautenschlager
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Allocation Of Resources ◽  
Government Budget ◽  
Islamic Republic ◽  
Oil Exports ◽  
The World ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Government ◽  
Development Spending ◽  
The Impact

The Iranian economy under the Islamic Republic has been strongly influenced by factors which lie for the most part outside the Iranian government's control, in particular lower oil sales due to the Iraqi attack and to the world-wide oil glut. One should not underestimate, however, the impact of the policies which have traditionally most concerned economists, namely, the government budget and monetary matters. The major thesis of this article is that the Islamic Republic's economy has been heavily influenced by an overvalued exchange rate which has: (a) forced reductions in government development spending; (b) fueled inflation as the government printed money to finance its deficit; (c) worsened the imbalance in foreign trade by encouraging imports and discouraging non-oil exports; (d) subsidized the consumption of imported goods, primarily benefiting the urban population, especially the rich; (e) distorted the allocation of resources in favor of commerce at the expense of production; and (f) benefited well-to-do merchants at the expense of poorer farmers and artisans.

Interpreting the Reagan Deficits

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Sargent
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Reagan Administration ◽  
Federal Budget ◽  
Ronald Reagan ◽  
Government Budget ◽  
Government Deficits ◽  
Tax Smoothing ◽  
The Government ◽  
Monetary And Fiscal Policy

This chapter examines the large net-of-interest deficits in the U.S. federal budget that have marked the administration of Ronald Reagan. It explains the fiscal and monetary actions observed during the Reagan administration as reflecting the optimal decisions of government policymakers. The discussion is based on an equation whose validity is granted by all competing theories of macroeconomics: the intertemporal government budget constraint. The chapter first considers the government budget balance and the optimal tax smoothing model of Robert Barro before analyzing monetary and fiscal policy during the Reagan years: a string of large annual net-of-interest government deficits accompanied by a monetary policy stance that has been tight, especially before February 1985, and even more so before August 1982. Indicators of tight monetary policy are high real interest rates on government debt and pretax yields that exceed the rate of economic growth.

Intra-sectoral and Intersectoral Parity Issues in Pricing of Agricultural Crops: A Preliminary Analysis

1987 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-417
Author(s):  
Sarfraz K. Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Preliminary Analysis ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Terms Of Trade ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Allocation Of Resources ◽  
Price Determination ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Government ◽  
Distribution Of Income ◽  
Over Time

Intersectoral terms of trade play a cruc1al role in determining the sectoral distribution of income and resource allocation in the developing countries. The significance of intra-sectoral terms of trade for the allocation of resources within the agricultural sector is also widely accepted by research scholars and policy-makers. In the context of planned development, the government specifies production targets for the agricultural sector and for different crops. The intervention of government in the field of price determination has important implications for the achievement of planned targets. In Pakistan, there is a feeling among many groups including farmers and politicians with a rural background that prices of agricultural crops have not kept their parities intact over time and that prices generally do not cover the costs of production. The feeling that production incentives for agriculture have been eroded is especially strong for the period since the early 1970s. It is argued that strong inflationary pressures supported by a policy of withdrawal of government subsidies on agricultural inputs have resulted in rapid increases in the prices paid by agriculturists and that increases in the prices received by farmers were not enough to compensate them for the rising prices of agricultural inputs and consumption goods.

Decomposition of Fiscal Deterioration in the OECD

2010 ◽  
Vol 213 ◽  
pp. F13-F18 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Budget Deficits ◽  
Government Budget ◽  
Fiscal Stimulus ◽  
Advanced Economies ◽  
The Government ◽  
Cumulative Deterioration ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Selection Of

Government fiscal positions in all the advanced economies suffered severe deteriorations during the financial crisis. Figure 1 illustrates the cumulative deterioration of the government budget ratio as a per cent of GDP between 2007 and 2009 in a selection of OECD economies. The sharpest declines materialised in Ireland, Spain and Finland, while public finances in Austria, Germany and Italy have held up better. Budget deficits have worsened in part because of the cyclical downturn, in part because of the policy response to the crisis, including both fiscal stimulus packages and certain fiscal costs related to government support of financial institutions, and in part because of a change in the relationship between revenue and production, which may prove longer-term.

Fiscal Deficit and Economic Growth in Bangladesh

2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ebney Ayaj Rana ◽  
Abu N. M. Wahid
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Budget Deficit ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Government Budget ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Government Budget Deficit

The economy of Bangladesh is currently going through a period of continuous budget deficit. The present data suggest that the government budget deficit, on average, is nearly 5% of the country’s GDP. This has been true since the early 2000s. To finance this deficit, governments have been borrowing largely from domestic and foreign sources resulting in inflationary pressure on one hand, and crowding out of private investments on the other. During the same period, although the economy has grown steadily at a rate of more than 6%, this growth is less than the potential. This article presents an econometric study of the impact of government budget deficits on the economic growth of Bangladesh. We conduct a time-series analysis using ordinary least squares estimation, vector error correction model, and granger causality test. The findings suggest that the government budget deficit has statistically significant negative impact on economic growth in Bangladesh. Policy implications of our findings include reestablishing the rule of law, political stability in the country, restructuring tax structure, closing tax loopholes, and harmonizing fiscal policy with monetary policy to attract additional domestic and foreign investment.

Healthcare in Rural Manitoba: Resources and Related Issues of Access

1989 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 6-11
Author(s):  
John M. Horne
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Efficient Allocation ◽  
Allocation Of Resources ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Healthcare Resources ◽  
Hospital Medical ◽  
Publicly Insured

This paper reviews the existing allocation of healthcare resources to and within rural Manitoba. The geographic distribution of hospital, medical and long-term care resources is described and discussed in relation to widely held perceptions of continuing problems in access to publicly insured care among residents of rural communities. Opportunities for more effective and efficient allocation of resources are identified, including various arrangements for sharing both facilities and personnel between communities.

scholarly journals Disagreements among ministries and pressure on the State Planning Committee in the Soviet economy in the early 1950s

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 220-224
Author(s):  
Alexey Vladimirovich Zaharchenko
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Soviet Economy ◽  
The State ◽  
Planning Committee ◽  
Allocation Of Resources ◽  
Future Planning ◽  
State Planning ◽  
The Government ◽  
Working Out ◽  
Interdepartmental Commission

The following paper deals with mechanisms for working out compromise solutions when discussing the plan for the USSR national economy development in 1951-1955. The sources analysis (notes of ministries heads to the government, the Gosplans reports and its projects for the development of the Soviet economy for the period 1951-1955) shows there were disagreements between the central planning body and the economic agencies. The position of the State Planning Committee, which sought to draw up a balanced plan, consisted in the allocation of resources and economic obligations between ministries. The ministries, for their part, were inclined to offer lower figures for the growth of production indicators and overestimated amounts of resources to implement the plans. Divergences in positions were regulated by a special interdepartmental commission on disagreements, its proposals were taken as a basis by the government and the State Planning Committee to amend the current and future planning of the industrial development of the USSR. The results of the study allow us to conclude that the planned economy was actually the economy of approvals. In this system, government directives were viewed as a result of an interagency struggle between planners and production workers, where the State Planning Committee counterbalanced the ambitions of ministries. However, active lobbyism of ministers limited the possibilities of planners, as evidenced by the documents of the Dispute Commission.

scholarly journals THE SUSTAINABILITY OF STATE BUDGET IN DEBT REPAYMENT

2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 415-434
Author(s):  
Haryo Kuncoro
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Foreign Debt ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Fiscal Sustainability ◽  
Government Budget ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Quarterly Data ◽  
Domestic Debt ◽  
The Government

This paper is designed to analyze the sustainability of the central government budget in the case of Indonesia over the period of 1999-2009. First, we explore the theoretical background of the fiscal sustainability. Second, we develop a model to capture some factors determining the fiscal sustainability. Unlike the previous studies, we use both domestic debt and foreign debt to assess the fiscal solvency. Finally, we estimate it empirically. Based on the quarterly data analysis, we concluded that the government budget is unsustainable. This is associated with domestic debt rather than foreign debt. They imply that the central government should manage the debts carefully including re-profile, re-schedule, and re-structure them in order to spread the excess burden in the future. Also, the fiscal risks should be calculated comprehensively in order to maintain solvency.Keywords: Domestic debt, Foreign debt, Fiscal sustainability, Primary balanceJEL Clasbsification: E62, H63

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