Increasing Women's Agency through Non-traditional Employment Opportunities in the Transport Sector: The Effects of Women's Participation in Road Maintenance in Bolivia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Bonfert ◽  
Andrea Monje Silva ◽  
Pablo Guerrero ◽  
Vivian Roza
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Magic Bullet ◽  
Road Maintenance ◽  
Maintenance Policy ◽  
Women's Agency ◽  
Maintenance Program ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Women’S Agency ◽  
The Government

This research analyzes the effects on women who participated in the Bolivian Road Conservation Program utilizing Microenterprises (PROVIAL). The PROVIAL program is a road maintenance program that hires Road Maintenance Microenterprises (abbreviated as MCV in Spanish) to perform routine maintenance work throughout Bolivia's national road network. While regular wages invariably increase household income, a priori, it was unclear if participation in MCVs would have other effects on women, specifically on their ability to exercise agency. To assess the changes experienced by women MCV members (in Spanish, these women are known as socias) resulting from their participation in the PROVIAL program, both quantitative and qualitative data were collected. Adding to the existing evidence, this report finds that including women in microenterprises, as part of a road maintenance program, has a positive effect on women's agency. Moreover, the implementation of Bolivia's MCV program produced a win-win situation for both the government and the socias. Integrating gender considerations into the design of public works programs can have a high payoff. Given its low implementation cost, integrating gender considerations is low-hanging fruit, and an outgrowth of an existing road maintenance policy that could be actively harnessed. Women's participation in MCVs is not a magic bullet, and other labor market policies are needed as well, but it has proven to be one way to facilitate women's entry into formal jobs found within the infrastructure sector.

scholarly journals ANALISIS TERHADAP IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN PENGELOLAAN JALAN DI KABUPATEN BANYUMAS

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sri Hartini ◽  
Setiajeng Kadarsih
Keyword(s):  
Road Construction ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Road Maintenance ◽  
The Road ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Maintenance Factors ◽  
Road Management ◽  
Maintenance Program ◽  
Periodic Maintenance ◽  
The Government

Basically, the management of roads expected to be able to meet the needs of safe, convenient, and efficient for transportation of goods and services. But in reality, the road management policy in the regional autonomy were still did not meet expectations. Based on the research, the policy of road management in Banyumas are roads construction and road maintenance program. Road construction are conducted to increasing and widening of roads and paving, while road maintenance are done through regular maintenance and periodic maintenance. Factors that influence the policy are legal substance that have not been set as a whole regarding the management of roads, law enforcement which still have its main office in the policyled, facility factor that were not optimal, the society that tend to release responsibility to the government, and permissive factors. Key words: policy, road management and legal factors

Groomed and Seduced

2020 ◽  
pp. 58-86
Author(s):  
Katherine E. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Political Violence ◽  
Lived Experiences ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
Women's Agency ◽  
Terrorist Organizations ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Women’S Agency

This chapter addresses some key theories on radicalization and looks at women in radicalization. It pays particular attention to theories and writers who discuss groups with women as active members. The chapter shows that none of the theories take gender seriously; they dismiss the lived experiences of radicals, despite claims to the contrary. Consequently, theories at worst ignore or at best diminish women’s involvement, a trend repeated in policies. The chapter demonstrates how commentators sexualize women’s agency, then considers explanations of individual women who have been involved in terrorism and political violence from the position of intersectional agency. Looking at group analysis, the chapter reveals how, when they are violent or support violence within groups, women’s actions are revealed in policy and public discourse as more shocking but also a sign of weakness on the part of terrorist organizations, denying the internal logics of radical groups justifying women’s participation.

scholarly journals Women’s Participation in Microfinance: Effects on Women’s Agency, Exposure to Partner Violence, and Mental Health

2021 ◽  
pp. 113686
Author(s):  
Kathryn M. Yount ◽  
Yuk Fai Cheong ◽  
Zara Khan ◽  
Stephanie S. Miedema ◽  
Ruchira T. Naved
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Women's Agency ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Women’S Agency

Gender, Nation and Spatial Mobility in On Top of the Wave, on Top of the Wind

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quí-Hà Hoàng Nguyễn
Keyword(s):  
Public Spaces ◽  
Physical Geography ◽  
Spatial Mobility ◽  
Women's Agency ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Gulf Of Tonkin ◽  
Spatial Narrative ◽  
Women’S Agency

This chapter examines women’s mobility as presented in Vietnamese revolutionary cinema in its heyday following the Gulf of Tonkin incident (in 1964). Focusing on Ngọc Quỳnh’s On Top of the Wave, on Top of the Wind, it argues that this film offers a timely reflection upon the reality of fighting and the labour of the Vietnamese people in the American War. Through the film’s spatial narrative and visuality of cultural and physical geography, the filmmaker conflates nation and home, blurring the separation of domestic and public spaces and creating a national/ familial space for both sexes. Yet while this narrative invokes patriotism and mobilizes women’s participation in the national struggle, it also limits women’s agency and subjectivity after the war.

scholarly journals STUDI PEMETAAN KEBIJAKAN PERHUBUNGAN JALAN DI INDONESIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Achluddin Ibnu Rochim
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Engineering ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Transportation Policy ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Road Maintenance ◽  
Maintenance Policy ◽  
Road Transportation ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Government ◽  
Policy Mapping

This Road Transportation Policy Mapping Study in Indonesia departs from the problem of road congestion which is the cause of various problems of inefficiency, time wastage, depression, increasing pollutants that are not environmentally friendly. The government as a regulatory agent is demanded to provide a policy solution to avoid this problem again. All the policies taken by the government are never enough to stop congestion. Vehicle volume continues to increase every time while the length and width of the road does not increase. This study formulates the question of how is the road transportation policy map in Indonesia? By using the library research method. The findings show that the road transportation policy in Indonesia includes various policies on Transportation Development, Operational Policy, Road Traffic and Transport Network Policy, Traffic Engineering Management Policy, Infrastructure Monitoring and Maintenance Policy. The study of road transportation policy mapping in Indonesia also produced findings that it turns out that in Indonesia there is already a road transportation policy sitematics which in an orderly manner is already in an orderly hierarchy, starting from the highest policy to the lowest policy, namely technical in the field. From the study of road transportation policy mapping in Indonesia produced findings that all existing road transport policy products include: a. Undang-Undang Nomor 14 Tahun 1992 concerning Road Traffic and Transportation; b. Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2009 concerning Road Traffic and Transportation; c. Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 34 Tahun 2006 concerning Roads; d. Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum Nomor: 13 /PRT/M/2011 concerning Procedures for Road Maintenance and Ownership; e. Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum Dan Perumahan Rakyat Republik Indonesia Nomor: 20/Prt/M/2016 concerning Organization and Work Procedures of Technical Implementing Units in the Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing.

scholarly journals Potential Modeling Of Pavement Deterioration Rate Due To Cracking

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Wee S.Y. ◽  
R.A @ R.B Chan ◽  
Teo H.W.
Keyword(s):  
Suitable Model ◽  
Road Maintenance ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Pavement Maintenance ◽  
Rehabilitation Programs ◽  
Road Pavement ◽  
Deterioration Rate ◽  
Maintenance Program ◽  
Combined Action ◽  
The Government

Bitumen pavements tend to crack at some point of their life under the combined action of traffic and the environment. These cracks are defects in the pavement surfacing which weakens the pavement and allows water to penetrate and cause further weakening. Once initiated, cracking usually increases in extent, severity and intensity, leading eventually to pavement failure. Cracking has therefore been an important indicator for road pavement maintenance. In view of the extensive road network in Malaysia covering more than 80,000 kilometers in total, the government has to spend huge sums of money on the repair of cracks under its annual road maintenance program. However, the resurfacing works have not always been successful and cracks tend to reappear after some time. The accurate prediction of crack occurrence and the effectiveness of resurfacing works to control cracks are key factors in predicting the timing and costs of road maintenance. In view of this, it is imperative that a suitable model for the prediction of crack development be derived. This model will then be able to predict the deterioration rate of pavement cracking in the future. It in turn will enable effective road rehabilitation programs be implemented in time before cracking deteriorates and leads to eventual pavement failure.

scholarly journals Cultural and Economic Barriers in Switching to Clean Cooking Energy: Does Women’s Agency Make a Difference?

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (21) ◽  
pp. 7242
Author(s):  
Govind Kelkar ◽  
Dev Nathan
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Energy Access ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Women's Agency ◽  
Economic Barriers ◽  
Cooking Energy ◽  
Women’S Agency ◽  
The Government ◽  
Ownership Rights

The major objective of this study is to identify and analyze cultural and economic barriers to sustained adoption of LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) as the primary clean cooking energy in India, and examining underpinning values and norms in socio-technical energy system of the country. In 2016, the Government of India introduced a mega scheme called Ujjwala for clean cooking energy with LPG connects in women’s name. This policy, however, experienced limited implementation, but did lead to enhancing women’s agency in many areas. Women’s agency is defined briefly as their ability to set goals, develop capacities, and act on their defined goals to realize desired outcomes in wellbeing and capabilities. In the case of switching to clean cooking energy, the question can be posed as: as women are the ones who carry out most of the onerous work of collecting and cooking with wood, are they able to make decisions on the adoption of clean cooking fuel, that enhance their agency and the wellbeing of their families? Male-centred cultural and economic norms can be changed by the exercise of women’s agency, when (1) women have unmediated asset ownership rights to land, houses, and energy technology; (2) they are organized in groups for earning cash incomes and energy access; (3) they have acquired new knowledge, skills, and finances to acquire and operate new technologies; and (4) women have experienced the effects of policy change addressing gendered norms.

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