Research Insights: Does the Framing of Information on Crime Rates Affect Citizens' Preferences for Anti-Crime Policies?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Gingerich ◽  
Carlos Scartascini
Keyword(s):  
Crime Rate ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Downward Trend ◽  
Policy Preferences ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Social Policies ◽  
Crime Policy ◽  
Upward Trend ◽  
Rate Information

Anti-crime policy preferences can be swayed by the framing of crime rate information. Both framing information as an upward trend in crime or a downward trend in crime increased demands for punitive policies as opposed to social policies, when compared to a control group that received no information. Individuals with no previous information about crime rates were more affected by the treatments than those who were familiar with crime rates in the country.

The Relation Between the Food of the Australian Barracouta, Thyrsites atun (Euphrasen), and Recent Fluctuations in the Fisheries

1957 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Blackburn
Keyword(s):  
Population Distribution ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Downward Trend ◽  
Small Fish ◽  
Fish Diet ◽  
Upward Trend ◽  
Independent Evidence ◽  
South Wales

The diet of surface-swimming Australian barracouta was studied from over 10,000 stomachs. The principal prey organisms in Bass Strait are the euphausiid Nyctiphanes australis Sars, the anchovy Engraulis australis (White), and young barracouta, in that order; and in eastern Tasmania Nyctiphanes, Engraulis, and the sprat Clupea bassensis McCulloch, in that order. The pilchard Sardinops neopilchardus (Steindachner) is not an important item of the diet in these regions although it is so in New South Wales, South Australia, and Western Australia. The jack mackerel Trachurus declivis Jenyns is a significant item in eastern Tasmania and New South Wales but not in Bass Strait. These and other features of the fish diet of the barracouta reflect actual availability of the various small fish species in the waters. Barracouta eat Nyctiphanes by herding them into dense masses (or finding them already concentrated) and swallowing them. The movements of the anchovy make it unavailable to Bass Strait and eastern Tasmanian barracouta for much of the summer and autumn period, when the barracouta are thus dependent upon Nyctiphanes for the bulk of their food. A close positive relationship between the availability of barracouta and Nyctiphanes might therefore be expected at those seasons. There is evidence of such a relationship between mean availability (catch per boat-month) of barracouta and mean percentage of barracouta stomachs containing Nyctiphanes, at those seasons, from year to year. For southern Victorian coastal waters both show a downward trend from 1948-49 to 1950-51 and then an upward trend to 1953-54; for eastern Tasmania both show a downward trend (for autumn only) from 1949-50 through 1952-53. The records of catch per boat-month furnish independent evidence that the main variations in this index were effects of availability (population distribution or behaviour) rather than abundance (population size), at least for southern Victoria. It is therefore considered that when scarcity of barracouta occurs in summer and autumn in the coastal fishing areas it may be due to scarcity of Nyctiphanes, forcing the fish to go offshore for this food which is known to be available there. This would take the fish out of range of the fishermen.

scholarly journals Leprosy and gender in Brazil: trends in an endemic area of the Northeast region, 2001–2014

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliana Amorim de Souza ◽  
Anderson Fuentes Ferreira ◽  
Reagan Nzundu Boigny ◽  
Carlos Henrique Alencar ◽  
Jorg Heukelbach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Downward Trend ◽  
Upward Trend ◽  
Annual Percent Change ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Time Series Study ◽  
Gender Patterns ◽  
And Gender ◽  
National Information ◽  
Series Study

OBJECTIVE: To analyze, stratifield by gender, trends of the new case leprosy detection rates in the general population and in children; of grade 2 disability, and of proportion of multibacillary cases, in the state of Bahia, Brazil from 2001 to 2014. METHODS: A time series study based on leprosy data from the National Information System for Notifiable Diseases. The time trend analysis included Poisson regression models by infection points (Joinpoint) stratified by gender. RESULTS: There was a total of 40,054 new leprosy cases with a downward trend of the overall detection rate (Average Annual Percent Change [AAPC = -0.4, 95%CI -2.8–1.9] and a nonsignificant increase in children under 15 years (AAPC = 0.2, 95%CI -3.9–4.5). The proportion of grade 2 disability among new cases increased significantly (AAPC = 4.0, 95%CI 1.3–6.8), as well as the proportion of multibacillary cases (AAPC = 2.2, 95%CI 0.1–4.3). Stratification by gender showed a downward trend of detection rates in females and no significant change in males; in females, there was a more pronounced upward trend of the proportion of multibacillary and grade 2 disability cases. CONCLUSIONS: Leprosy is still highly endemic in the state of Bahia, with active transmission, late diagnosis, and a probable hidden endemic. There are different gender patterns, indicating the importance of early diagnosis and prompt treatment, specifically in males without neglecting the situation among females.

scholarly journals The Analysis in the Burden of Lung Cancer Attributable to PM2.5 Exposure in China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
xiaomei wu ◽  
Bo Zhu ◽  
Jin Zhou ◽  
Yifei Bi ◽  
Shuang Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Downward Trend ◽  
Household Air Pollution ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Upward Trend ◽  
Cancer Burden ◽  
Pm2.5 Exposure

Abstract Objective Air pollution is the major contributor of lung cancer mortality, we want to analyze the long-term trends and the differences in lung cancer burden attributable to PM2.5 exposure between ambient air pollution and household air pollution.Methods The indicators (mortality rate, disability-adjusted life years rate, years lived with disability rate, and years of life lost rate) of lung cancer burden were obtained from GBD 2017. The joinpoint regression analysis was used to assess the magnitude and direction of trends from 1990 to 2017, and the age-period-cohort method was used to analyze the temporal trends of the indicators of lung cancer by age, period, and cohort.Results The age-standardized indicators showed an upward trend in ambient PM2.5 exposure (APE) and a downward trend in household PM2.5 exposure (HPE). The overall net drifts per year were above zero for APE and below zero for HPE, and the local drift values in APE and HPE increased by age groups. For the longitudinal age curves, the indicators of lung cancer burden for younger in APE or HPE were in a low level, and significantly increased from 45-49 age group to 90-94 age group. For the period RRs, the indicators of lung cancer burden in APE increased from 1990 to 2017, but decreased in HPE from 1990 to 2017. For the cohort RRs, the indicators of lung cancer burden in APE was on the upward trend before 1965, and fluctuated after from 1970 to 1990. The indicators of lung cancer burden in HPE was on the downward trend.Conclusions For lung cancer attributable to air pollution, China had changed from household air pollution to ambient air pollution. PM2.5 exposure had more harmful in male and older people. Ambient air pollution should be emphasized, China should strengthen implementation of effective public policies and other interventions.

Solanine Interferes With AKT/p-AKT and PI3K/ p-PI3K to Inhibit HIF and Destroy Cell Energy Metabolism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Wang ◽  
Yidong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Renal Cancer ◽  
Downward Trend ◽  
Akt Pathway ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Specific Method ◽  
Elisa Method ◽  
Relative Expression ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Cell Energy

Abstract The purpose of this study was to explore the mechanism of Solanine disrupting energy metabolism in human renal cancer ACHN cells and to clarify its target. The specific method was to culture human renal cancer ACHN cell lines, and to intervene with Solanine of high, medium and low concentrations. The content of ATP in cells was measured by ELISA method. The expression of HIF-1α protein and the expression of PI3K, AKT, p-PI3K, p-AKT in PI3K/ AKT pathway were detected by Western blotting. The results showed that compared with the control group, the relative expression of p-PI3K and p-AKT showed a downward trend with the increase of Solanine concentration (P < 0.05), while the relative expression of PI3K and AKT showed no significant change (P > 0.05). In addition, the relative expression of HIF-1α also showed a downward trend (P < 0.05). According to the above results, it is suggested that Solanine can significantly inhibit the energy metabolism of renal cancer cells, the main mechanism of which is the down-regulation of HI-1αf downstream of the PI3K/Akt pathway by inhibiting the phosphorylation process of PI3K/ p-PI3K and Akt/p-Akt.

Modelling Pedestrian Movement to Measure On-Street Crime Risk

2011 ◽  
pp. 71-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spencer Chainey ◽  
Jake Desyllas
Keyword(s):  
Crime Rate ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Street Crime ◽  
Accurate Analysis ◽  
Pedestrian Movement ◽  
Rate Analysis ◽  
Large Scale Analysis ◽  
Residential Population ◽  
Crime Risk

This chapter presents results for the first large-scale analysis of street crime rates that utilizes accurate on-street pedestrian population estimates. Pedestrian counts were generated at the street segment level for an area in central London (UK) using a modeling process that utilized key indicators of pedestrian movement and sample observations. Geocoded street crime positioned on street segments then allowed for street crime rates to be calculated for the entire central London study area’s street network. These street crime rate measures were then compared against street crime volume patterns (e.g., hotspot maps of street crime density) and street crime rate statistics and maps that were generated from using the residential population as the denominator. The research demonstrates the utility of pedestrian modeling for generating better and more realistic measures for street crime rates, suggesting that if the residential population is used as a denominator for local level street crime analysis it may only misinform and mislead the interpretation and understanding of on- to pedestrians. The research also highlights the importance of crime rate analysis for understanding and explaining crime patterns, and suggests that with accurate analysis of crime rates, policing, and crime prevention initiatives can be improved.

The consequences of restricting police arrest authority: less deterrence and more crime

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott M. Mourtgos ◽  
Richard A. Wise ◽  
Thomas Petros
Keyword(s):  
Crime Rate ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Police Department ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Police Authority ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Criminal Suspects

Purpose Past research indicates that increasing police arrests deters crime. However, little research exists on how restricting police arrests affects crime. The purpose of this paper is to test whether restrictions on police authority to arrest affects deterrence and crime rates. Design/methodology/approach The data consisted of crime statistics for 105 criminal suspects from a medium-sized police department in the western USA. A 2×4 mixed analysis of variance compared the suspects’ criminal activity for a four-month period before and after the arrest restrictions were imposed to ascertain how they affected deterrence and crime rates. Findings The restrictions on police arrests significantly increased the crime rate. Moreover, the crime rate increased the longer the restrictions on police arrest authority were in effect. In sum, the present study provides empirical support for the hypothesis that restrictions on police arrest authority decrease deterrence and increase the crime rate. Practical implications The present study suggests that restrictions on police arrest authority decreases deterrence and may significantly increase the crime rate. The restrictions may also have deleterious effects on police departments. Several states have recently imposed restrictions on police authority to arrest, and many other states are considering implementing such restrictions. Policy makers should carefully consider the results of the present study before implementing these policies. Originality/value The study fills a void in the crime literature by demonstrating that restrictions on police authority to arrest can decrease deterrence and increase the crime rate.

scholarly journals Activities, Access Control, and Crime: a Quasi-Experimental Study regarding Entry Gates at Train Stations in the Netherlands

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viviane M. Lindenbergh ◽  
Edward R. Kleemans ◽  
Joras Ferwerda
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Access Control ◽  
Crime Rate ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Situational Crime Prevention ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Quasi Experimental

AbstractThis article discusses a unique “natural experiment,” the introduction of entry gates at Dutch train stations and the potential effects of this on crime in the areas around these stations. A quasi-experimental study was carried out to show that introducing entry gates correlated with a drop in crime in these areas. After entry gates had been introduced, potential offenders could only enter train stations with a valid ticket, which meant that they would be less likely to enter or leave these stations and more likely to choose other places to hang around in or for entering and leaving trains. A dataset was created in which the crime rates around train stations were registered for each month in the years 2013 through 2018. The changing numbers of travelers at each station were also taken into account, as this variable probably correlates with the amount of crime. A two-way fixed-effects model was run on data for about 260 train stations, with and without entry gates, using the relative crime rate per thousand travelers as the dependent variable. Based on this relative crime rate, the use of entry gates was found to coincide with a decrease of 9% in crime, compared to a situation without entry gates. This study can inform policymakers about the potential effects of entry gates in particular and about situational crime prevention in general. Moreover, it illustrates how implementing measures at various locations at different moments enables the effectiveness of such measures to be tested more precisely and with more confidence.

The Country'S Crime Rate Moderates the Relation between Authoritarian Predispositions and the Manifestations of Authoritarianism: A Multilevel, Multinational Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Roccato ◽  
Alessio Vieno ◽  
Silvia Russo
Keyword(s):  
Crime Rate ◽  
European Association ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
European Values Survey ◽  
European Values ◽  
High Crime ◽  
Racial Intolerance

We performed a multilevel, multinational test of Stenner's model on authoritarianism using the 2008 European Values Survey dataset (N = 55 199, nested in 38 nations). We focussed on the effects exerted on four authoritarian manifestations (racial intolerance, political intolerance, negative attitudes towards immigrants, and moral intolerance) by the cross–level interaction between participants’ authoritarian predispositions (assessed in terms of childrearing values) and their country's crime rate. Associations between authoritarian predispositions and racial intolerance, political intolerance, negative attitudes towards immigrants, and moral intolerance were significantly stronger among participants living in countries characterised by high crime rates than those among participants living in countries with low crime rates. Limitations, implications, and future directions of this study are discussed. Copyright © 2013 European Association of Personality Psychology.

scholarly journals Modelling the fear of crime

2017 ◽  
Vol 473 (2203) ◽  
pp. 20170156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Prieto Curiel ◽  
Steven Bishop
Keyword(s):  
Crime Rate ◽  
Fear Of Crime ◽  
Memory Loss ◽  
Opinion Dynamics ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Local Perception ◽  
Dynamics Simulations ◽  
Perception Of Security ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Exact Relationship

How secure people feel in a particular region is obviously linked to the actual crime suffered in that region but the exact relationship between crime and its fear is quite subtle. Two regions may have the same crime rate but their local perception of security may differ. Equally, two places may have the same perception of security even though one may have a significantly lower crime rate. Furthermore, a negative perception might persist for many years, even when crime rates drop. Here, we develop a model for the dynamics of the perception of security of a region based on the distribution of crime suffered by the population using concepts similar to those used for opinion dynamics. Simulations under a variety of conditions illustrate different scenarios and help us determine the impact of suffering more, or less, crime. The inhomogeneous concentration of crime together with a memory loss process is incorporated into the model for the perception of security, and results explain why people are often more fearful than actually victimized; why a region is perceived as being insecure despite a low crime rate; and why a decrease in the crime rate might not significantly improve the perception of security.

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