A window of opportunity : Modulation of the porcine gut microbiota and immune system by feed additives in early life

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirelle Geervliet
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Window Of Opportunity

scholarly journals Early-Life Intervention Using Fecal Microbiota Combined with Probiotics Promotes Gut Microbiota Maturation, Regulates Immune System Development, and Alleviates Weaning Stress in Piglets

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quanhang Xiang ◽  
Xiaoyu Wu ◽  
Ye Pan ◽  
Liu Wang ◽  
Chenbin Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Early Life ◽  
System Development ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Microbial Colonization ◽  
Life Period ◽  
Weaning Stress ◽  
Immune System Development

Previous studies have suggested that immune system development and weaning stress are closely related to the maturation of gut microbiota. The early-life period is a “window of opportunity” for microbial colonization, which potentially has a critical impact on the development of the immune system. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and probiotics are often used to regulate gut microbial colonization. This study aims to test whether early intervention with FMT using fecal microbiota from gestation sows combined with Clostridium butyricum and Saccharomyces boulardii (FMT-CS) administration could promote the maturation of gut microbiota and development of immune system in piglets. Piglets were assigned to control (n = 84) and FMT-CS treatment (n = 106), which were treated with placebo and bacterial suspension during the first three days after birth, respectively. By 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we found that FMT-CS increased the α-diversity and reduced the unweighted UniFrac distances of the OTU community. Besides, FMT-CS increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria, while decreasing that of opportunistic pathogens. FMT-CS also enhanced the relative abundance of genes related to cofactors and vitamin, energy, and amino acid metabolisms during the early-life period. ELISA analysis revealed that FMT-CS gave rise to the plasma concentrations of IL-23, IL-17, and IL-22, as well as the plasma levels of anti-M.hyo and anti-PCV2 antibodies. Furthermore, the FMT-CS-treated piglets showed decreases in inflammation levels and oxidative stress injury, and improvement of intestinal barrier function after weaning as well. Taken together, our results suggest that early-life intervention with FMT-CS could promote the development of innate and adaptive immune system and vaccine efficacy, and subsequently alleviate weaning stress through promoting the maturation of gut microbiota in piglets.

scholarly journals Impact of Yeast-Derived β-Glucans on the Porcine Gut Microbiota and Immune System in Early Life

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1573
Author(s):  
Hugo de Vries ◽  
Mirelle Geervliet ◽  
Christine A. Jansen ◽  
Victor P. M. G. Rutten ◽  
Hubèrt van Hees ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Microbial Colonization ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Immune Parameters ◽  
Weaning Piglets

Piglets are susceptible to infections in early life and around weaning due to rapid environmental and dietary changes. A compelling target to improve pig health in early life is diet, as it constitutes a pivotal determinant of gut microbial colonization and maturation of the host’s immune system. In the present study, we investigated how supplementation of yeast-derived β-glucans affects the gut microbiota and immune function pre- and post-weaning, and how these complex systems develop over time. From day two after birth until two weeks after weaning, piglets received yeast-derived β-glucans or a control treatment orally and were subsequently vaccinated against Salmonella Typhimurium. Faeces, digesta, blood, and tissue samples were collected to study gut microbiota composition and immune function. Overall, yeast-derived β-glucans did not affect the vaccination response, and only modest effects on faecal microbiota composition and immune parameters were observed, primarily before weaning. This study demonstrates that the pre-weaning period offers a ‘window of opportunity’ to alter the gut microbiota and immune system through diet. However, the observed changes were modest, and any long-lasting effects of yeast-derived β-glucans remain to be elucidated.

An update on direct-fed microbials in broiler chickens in post-antibiotic era

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (8) ◽  
pp. 1575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyung-Woo Lee ◽  
Hyun S. Lillehoj
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Health Benefit ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Enteric Diseases ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Bedding Materials

In a post-antibiotic era, applying dietary alternatives to antibiotics into diets of chickens has become a common practice to improve the productivity and health status of chickens. It is generally accepted that direct-fed microbials (DFMs), defined as a source of viable, naturally occurring microorganisms, as an alternative to antibiotics, have a long history for their safe use and health benefit and are generally regarded for therapeutic, prophylactic and growth-promotion uses in poultry industry. It has been suggested that two primary modes of action by DFMs are balancing gut microbiota and modulating host immunity. Recent findings have suggested that gut microbiota plays an important role in developing immune system and maintaining the homeostasis of mature immune system in mammals and chickens. With the help of molecular and bioinformatics tools, it is now scientifically proven that gut microbiota is diverse, dynamic, and varies according to age, breed, diet composition, environment and feed additives. Broiler chickens are commonly raised on the floor with bedding materials, which facilitates the acquisition of microorganisms present in the bedding materials. Thus, it is expected that environmental factors, including the type of litter, influence host immunity in a positive or negative way. In this regard, adding DFMs into diets of chickens will affect host–microbe interaction, shaping host immunity towards increasing resistance of chickens to enteric diseases.

scholarly journals Managing Gut Microbiota through In Ovo Nutrition Influences Early-Life Programming in Broiler Chickens

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3491
Author(s):  
Abdelrazeq M. Shehata ◽  
Vinod K. Paswan ◽  
Youssef A. Attia ◽  
Abdel-Moneim Eid Abdel-Moneim ◽  
Mohammed Sh. Abougabal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Pathogen Resistance ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
In Ovo ◽  
Host Interaction ◽  
Early Life Programming ◽  
Pathogen Colonization

The chicken gut is the habitat to trillions of microorganisms that affect physiological functions and immune status through metabolic activities and host interaction. Gut microbiota research previously focused on inflammation; however, it is now clear that these microbial communities play an essential role in maintaining normal homeostatic conditions by regulating the immune system. In addition, the microbiota helps reduce and prevent pathogen colonization of the gut via the mechanism of competitive exclusion and the synthesis of bactericidal molecules. Under commercial conditions, newly hatched chicks have access to feed after 36–72 h of hatching due to the hatch window and routine hatchery practices. This delay adversely affects the potential inoculation of the healthy microbiota and impairs the development and maturation of muscle, the immune system, and the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Modulating the gut microbiota has been proposed as a potential strategy for improving host health and productivity and avoiding undesirable effects on gut health and the immune system. Using early-life programming via in ovo stimulation with probiotics and prebiotics, it may be possible to avoid selected metabolic disorders, poor immunity, and pathogen resistance, which the broiler industry now faces due to commercial hatching and selection pressures imposed by an increasingly demanding market.

scholarly journals Long-Lasting Effects of Early-Life Antibiotic Treatment and Routine Animal Handling on Gut Microbiota Composition and Immune System in Pigs

PLoS ONE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. e0116523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirkjan Schokker ◽  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Stéphanie A. Vastenhouw ◽  
Hans G. H. J. Heilig ◽  
Hauke Smidt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Antibiotic Treatment ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Animal Handling ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

scholarly journals Environmentally enriched housing conditions affect pig welfare, immune system and gut microbiota in early life

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Caifang Wen ◽  
Ingrid van Dixhoorn ◽  
Dirkjan Schokker ◽  
Henri Woelders ◽  
Norbert Stockhofe-Zurwieden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Environmental Enrichment ◽  
Immune Status ◽  
Prophylactic Antibiotic ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
Promising Alternative

Abstract Background Conventional pig housing and management conditions are associated with gastrointestinal pathophysiology and disease susceptibility in early life. Developing new strategies to reduce both therapeutic and prophylactic antibiotic use is urgent for the sustainable swine production globally. To this end, housing methodology providing effective environmental enrichment could be a promising alternative approach to reduce antibiotic usage, as it has been proven to positively influence pig welfare and immune status and reduce susceptibility to infections. It is, however, poorly understood how this enriched housing affects systemic and local pulmonary immune status and gut microbiota colonization during early life. In the present study, we compared the effects of two housing conditions, i.e., conventional housing: (CH) versus enriched housing (EH), on immune status and gut microbiota from birth until 61 days of age. Results The expected benefits of enrichment on pig welfare were confirmed as EH pigs showed more positive behaviour, less aggression behaviour during the weaning transition and better human animal relation during the post weaning phase. Regarding the pigs’ immune status, EH pigs had higher values of haemoglobin and mean corpuscular volume in haematological profiles and higher percentages of T cells and cytotoxic T cells in peripheral blood. Furthermore, EH pigs showed higher ex vivo secretion of IL1ß and TNF-α after lipopolysaccharide stimulation of whole blood than CH pigs. The structure of the developing faecal microbiota of CH and EH pigs significantly differed as early as day 12 with an increase in the relative abundance of several bacterial groups known to be involved in the production of short chain fatty acids, such as Prevotella_2, Christensenellaceae_R_7_group and Ruminococcus gauvreauii group. Furthermore, the main difference between both housing conditions post weaning was that on day 61, CH pigs had significantly larger inter-individual variation of ileal and colonic microbiota than EH pigs. In addition to housing, other intrinsic factors (e.g., sex) were associated with gut microbiota development and immune competence. Conclusions In addition to the known welfare benefits for pigs, environmentally enriched housing also positively drives important aspects of the development of the immune system and the establishment of gut microbiota in early life. Consequently, EH may contribute to increasing productivity of pigs and reducing antibiotic use.

scholarly journals Impact of Early Life Nutrition on Children’s Immune System and Noncommunicable Diseases Through Its Effects on the Bacterial Microbiome, Virome and Mycobiome

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paraskevi C. Fragkou ◽  
Dareilena Karaviti ◽  
Michael Zemlin ◽  
Chrysanthi Skevaki
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Adaptive System ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Medicinal Products ◽  
Essential Nutrients ◽  
Childhood Nutrition ◽  
Bacterial Microbiome

The first 1000 days of life, including the intrauterine period, are regarded as a fundamental stepping stone for the development of a human. Unequivocally, nutrition during this period plays a key role on the proper development of a child, both directly through the intake of essential nutrients and indirectly by affecting the composition of the gut microbiota. The gut microbiota, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, protists and other microorganisms, is a highly modifiable and adaptive system that is influenced by diet, lifestyle, medicinal products and the environment. Reversely, it affects the immune system in multiple complex ways. Many noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) associated with dysbiosis are “programmed” during childhood. Nutrition is a potent determinant of the children’s microbiota composition and maturation and, therefore, a strong determinant of the NCDs’ programming. In this review we explore the interplay between nutrition during the first 1000 days of life, the gut microbiota, virome and mycobiome composition and the development of NCDs.

scholarly journals How Early-Life Gut Microbiota Alteration Sets Trajectories for Health and Inflammatory Bowel Disease?

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feilong Guo ◽  
Demin Cai ◽  
Yanwei Li ◽  
Haotian Gu ◽  
Huan Qu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Condition ◽  
Probiotic Treatment ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a recurrent chronic inflammatory condition of the intestine without any efficient therapeutic regimens. Gut microbiota, which plays an instrumental role in the development and maturation of the immune system, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of IBD. Emerging evidence has established that early-life events particularly maternal influences and antibiotic treatment are strongly correlated with the health or susceptibility to disease of an individual in later life. Thus, it is proposed that there is a critical period in infancy, during which the environmental exposures bestow a long-term pathophysiological imprint. This notion sheds new light on the development of novel approaches for the treatment, i.e., early interventions, more precisely, the prevention of many uncurable chronic inflammatory diseases like IBD. In this review, we have integrated current evidence to describe the feasibility of the “able-to-be-regulated microbiota,” summarized the underlying mechanisms of the “microbiota-driven immune system education,” explored the optimal intervention time window, and discussed the potential of designing early-probiotic treatment as a new prevention strategy for IBD.

scholarly journals Early nutrition and gut microbiome: interrelationship between bacterial metabolism, immune system, brain structure, and neurodevelopment

2019 ◽  
Vol 317 (4) ◽  
pp. E617-E630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomás Cerdó ◽  
Estefanía Diéguez ◽  
Cristina Campoy
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Behavioral Problems ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Infant Health ◽  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Intestinal Dysbiosis

Disturbances of diet during pregnancy and early postnatal life may impact colonization of gut microbiota during early life, which could influence infant health, leading to potential long-lasting consequences later in life. This is a nonsystematic review that explores the recent scientific literature to provide a general perspective of this broad topic. Several studies have shown that gut microbiota composition is related to changes in metabolism, energy balance, and immune system disturbances through interaction between microbiota metabolites and host receptors by the gut-brain axis. Moreover, recent clinical studies suggest that an intestinal dysbiosis in gut microbiota may result in cognitive disorders and behavioral problems. Furthermore, recent research in the field of brain imaging focused on the study of the relationship between gut microbial ecology and large-scale brain networks, which will help to decipher the influence of the microbiome on brain function and potentially will serve to identify multiple mediators of the gut-brain axis. Thus, knowledge about optimal nutrition by modulating gut microbiota-brain axis activity will allow a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the crosstalk between gut microbiota and the developing brain during critical windows. In addition, this knowledge will open new avenues for developing novel microbiota-modulating based diet interventions during pregnancy and early life to prevent metabolic disorders, as well as neurodevelopmental deficits and brain functional disorders.

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