scholarly journals The geographical interest of historical documents to interpret the scientific evolution of the glacier existing in the Veleta cirque (Sierra Nevada, Spain) during the Little Ice Age

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 267 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Gómez-Ortiz ◽  
M. Oliva ◽  
F. Salvador-Franch ◽  
M. Salvà-Catarineu ◽  
J. Plana-Castellví
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Little Ice Age ◽  
Landscape Evolution ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Historical Documents ◽  
Origin And Evolution ◽  
Microclimate Conditions ◽  
Written Sources

Historical documents have shown their potential to infer the origin and evolution of the glacier existing in the Veleta cirque, in the massif of Sierra Nevada (Spain). This information encompasses written sources spanning from the 17th to the mid-20th centuries, and provides valuable knowledge about the Little Ice Age. These new data complement the already existing geomorphological knowledge about the natural system and landscape evolution in Sierra Nevada, particularly with regards to glacial geomorphic events in the summit areas. From a transdisciplinary methodological approach, the results show that the Veleta glacier was a singular geomorphic event that owed its existence to the particular environmental conditions of the high lands of Sierra Nevada, besides the favourable morpho-topographical setting, altitude, aspect as well as microclimate conditions prevailing in this area.

Topographic control of glacier changes since the end of the Little Ice Age in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountains, Colombia

2020 ◽  
Vol 104 ◽  
pp. 102803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan I. López-Moreno ◽  
Jorge L. Ceballos ◽  
Francisco Rojas-Heredia ◽  
Javier Zabalza-Martinez ◽  
Ixeia Vidaller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Little Ice Age ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Glacier Changes

scholarly journals Vulnerability, resilience and adaptation of societies during major extreme storms during the Little Ice Age

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuelle Athimon ◽  
Mohamed Maanan
Keyword(s):  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Little Ice Age ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Coastal Hazards ◽  
Historical Documents ◽  
Past Climate ◽  
Climate Hazards ◽  
Coastal Floods ◽  
And Coping

Abstract. This manuscript reviews more than 19 691 French historical documents from 14 French archive centers. The results show that 101 extremes storms were recorded including 38 coastal floods. Coastal hazards have forced societies to adapt and develop some specific skills, lifestyles and coping strategies. By analysing the responses of past societies to these hazards, useful ideas may be (re)discovered by today's communities in order to enhance the ability to adapt and develop resilience. Similarly, a thorough knowledge of past climate hazards may allow our societies to recreate a link with territory, particularly through the (re)construction of an effective memory of these phenomena.

RETHINKING DISEASE IN OTTOMAN HISTORY

2010 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 549-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam White
Keyword(s):  
Environmental History ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Little Ice Age ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Bubonic Plague ◽  
Population Movements ◽  
Climate Fluctuations ◽  
Ottoman History ◽  
Disease Mortality

AbstractDrawing on a range of recent studies and original sources, this article calls for a revision of the usual paradigm of disease in Ottoman history by applying a more interdisciplinary approach and new insights from environmental history. The historiography of disease in the Middle East developed from the late 1970s to the early 1990s envisioned a steady mortality from inevitable cycles of bubonic plague supposedly accepted with pious resignation by Ottoman Muslims. Focusing on the period from circa 1500 to 1800, the article advances three arguments. First, Ottoman Muslims sometimes did take action to escape or contain epidemics. Second, the region actually suffered from a variety of other infections that together had an equal or greater impact than bubonic plague. Third, shifting political, social, and environmental conditions—especially Little Ice Age climate fluctuations and population movements during the 17th century—played a major role in disease mortality and Ottoman demography.

scholarly journals Vulnerability, resilience and adaptation of societies during major extreme storms during the Little Ice Age

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 1487-1497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuelle Athimon ◽  
Mohamed Maanan
Keyword(s):  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Little Ice Age ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Coastal Hazards ◽  
Historical Documents ◽  
Storm Frequency ◽  
Meteorological Hazards ◽  
Coastal Floods ◽  
And Coping

Abstract. This paper reviews more than 19 691 French historical documents from 14 French archive centres. To assess data from historical documents, a method has been applied that leads to a record of 101 extreme storms with damage, including 38 coastal floods. Thus, the results show periods of increasing and decreasing storm frequency. These periods are examined. Furthermore, coastal hazards have forced societies to adapt and develop specific skills, lifestyles and coping strategies. This paper analyses some responses of past societies to these hazards. By doing so, useful ideas may be (re)discovered by today's communities in order to enable us to adapt and develop resilience. Similarly, a thorough knowledge of past meteorological hazards may allow our societies to recreate a link with territory, particularly through the (re)construction of an effective memory of these phenomena.

scholarly journals Palaeoceanographic changes in Hornsund Fjord (Spitsbergen, Svalbard) over the last millennium: new insights from ancient DNA

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1459-1472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Pawłowska ◽  
Marek Zajączkowski ◽  
Magdalena Łącka ◽  
Franck Lejzerowicz ◽  
Philippe Esling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ancient Dna ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Little Ice Age ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Water Masses ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Last Millennium ◽  
Climatic Fluctuations ◽  
High Sedimentation ◽  
Calving Rate

Abstract. This paper presents a reconstruction of climate-driven environmental changes over the last millennium in Hornsund Fjord (Svalbard), based on sedimentological and micropalaeontological records. Our palaeo-investigation was supported by an analysis of foraminiferal ancient DNA (aDNA), focusing on the non-fossilized monothalamous species. The main climatic fluctuations during the last millennium were the Medieval Warm Period (MWP, AD 1000–1600), the Little Ice Age (LIA, AD 1600–1900) and the modern warming (MW, AD 1900 to present). Our study indicates that the environmental conditions in Hornsund during the MWP and the early LIA (before ∼ AD 1800) were relatively stable. The beginning of the LIA (∼ AD 1600) was poorly evidenced by the micropalaeontological record but was well marked in the aDNA data by an increased proportion of monothalamous foraminifera, especially Bathysiphon sp. The early LIA (∼ 1600 to ∼ AD 1800) was marked by an increase in the abundance of sequences of Hippocrepinella hirudinea and Cedhagenia saltatus. In the late LIA (after ∼ AD 1800), the conditions in the fjord became glacier-proximal and were characterized by increased meltwater outflows, high sedimentation and a high calving rate. This coincided with an increase in the percentages of sequences of Micrometula sp. and Vellaria pellucidus. During the MW, the major glacier fronts retreated rapidly to the inner bays, which limited the iceberg discharge to the fjord's centre and caused a shift in the foraminiferal community that was reflected in both the fossil and aDNA records. The palaeoceanographic changes in the Hornsund fjord over the last millennium were driven mainly by the inflow of shelf-originated water masses and glacial activity. However, the environmental changes were poorly evidenced in the micropalaeontological record, but they were well documented in our aDNA data. We considerably increased the number of potential proxy species by including monothalamous foraminifera in the palaeoecological studies.

scholarly journals Palaeoceanographic changes in Hornsund Fjord (Spitsbergen, Svalbard) over the last millennium: new insights from ancient DNA

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 3665-3698 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Pawłowska ◽  
M. Zajączkowski ◽  
M. Łącka ◽  
F. Lejzerowicz ◽  
P. Esling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ancient Dna ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Little Ice Age ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Water Masses ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Last Millennium ◽  
Climatic Fluctuations ◽  
High Sedimentation ◽  
Calving Rate

Abstract. This paper presents the reconstruction of climate-driven environmental changes of the last millennium from Hornsund Fjord (Svalbard) based on sedimentological and micropalaeontological records. Our palaeo-investigation was supported by the analysis of foraminiferal ancient DNA (aDNA), focusing on non-fossilised monothalamous species. The main climatic fluctuations over the last millennium were the Medieval Warm Period (MWP, 1000–1600 AD), the Little Ice Age (LIA, 1600–1900 AD), and the Modern Warming (MW, 1900 AD–present). Our study indicated that environmental conditions in Hornsund during the MWP and the early LIA (before ~ 1800 AD) were relatively stable, resulting from the distant position of glaciers. The beginning of the LIA (~ 1600 AD) was poorly evidenced by the micropalaeontological record, but well marked in the aDNA data, by an increased proportion of monothalamous foraminifera, especially Bathysiphon sp. The early LIA (~ 1600– ~ 1800 AD) was marked by the increase in abundance of sequences of Hippocrepinella hirudinea and Cedhagenia saltatus. In the late LIA (after ~ 1800 AD), conditions in the fjord became glacier-proximal, characterised by increased meltwater outflows, high sedimentation and a high calving rate. This coincided with an increase in the percentages of sequences of Micrometula sp. and Vellaria pellucidus. During the MW, major glaciers fronts retreated rapidly to the inner bays, limiting the iceberg discharge to the fjord centre and causing the shift in the foraminiferal community reflected in both fossil and aDNA records. Palaeoceanographic changes in the Hornsund Fjord over the last millennium were driven mainly by the inflow of shelf-originated water masses and glaciers' activity. However, the environmental changes were poorly evidenced in the micropalaeontological record, but well documented in our aDNA data. We considerably increased the number of potential proxy species by including monothalamous foraminifera in the palaeoecological studies.

Debris-Covered Glaciers in the Sierra Nevada, California, and Their Implications for Snowline Reconstructions

1994 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas H. Clark ◽  
Malcolm M. Clark ◽  
Alan R. Gillespie
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Little Ice Age ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Climatic Warming ◽  
Floor Rock ◽  
Orographic Effects ◽  
Climatic Trends ◽  
Melt Ponds ◽  
Glacier Ice ◽  
Rock Glaciers

AbstractIce-walled melt ponds on the surfaces of active valley-floor rock glaciers and Matthes (Little Ice Age) moraines in the southern Sierra Nevada indicate that most of these landforms consist of glacier ice under thin (ca. 1 - 10 m) but continuous covers of rock-fall-generated debris. These debris blankets effectively insulate the underlying ice and greatly reduce rates of ablation relative to that of uncovered ice. Such insulation explains the observations that ice-cored rock glaciers in the Sierra, actually debris-covered glaciers, are apparently less sensitive to climatic warming and commonly advance to lower altitudes than do adjacent bare-ice glaciers. Accumulation-area ratios and toe-to-headwall-altitude ratios used to estimate equilibrium-line altitudes (ELAs) of former glaciers may therefore yield incorrect results for cirque glaciers subject to abundant rockfall. Inadvertent lumping of deposits from former debris-covered and bare-ice glaciers partially explains an apparently anomalous regional ELA gradient reported for the pre-Matthes Recess Peak Neoglacial advance. Distinguishing such deposits may be important to studies that rely on paleo-ELA estimates. Moreover, Matthes and Recess Peak ELA gradients along the crest evidently depend strongly on local orographic effects rather than latitudinal climatic trends, indicating that simple linear projections and regional climatic interpretations of ELA gradients of small glaciers may be unreliable.

Greenhouses, hot water bottles, cycles and the future of New Zealand climate

2009 ◽  
pp. 61-67
Author(s):  
W.P. De Lange
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Infrared Radiation ◽  
Little Ice Age ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Weather Patterns ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Almost All

The Greenhouse Effect acts to slow the escape of infrared radiation to space, and hence warms the atmosphere. The oceans derive almost all of their thermal energy from the sun, and none from infrared radiation in the atmosphere. The thermal energy stored by the oceans is transported globally and released after a range of different time periods. The release of thermal energy from the oceans modifies the behaviour of atmospheric circulation, and hence varies climate. Based on ocean behaviour, New Zealand can expect weather patterns similar to those from 1890-1922 and another Little Ice Age may develop this century.

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