Reputation and Entry Deterrence: A Structural Empirical Model of Fighting Brands in the U.S. Pharmaceutical Market

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuna Wang
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Model ◽  
Entry Deterrence ◽  
Pharmaceutical Market ◽  
The U.S

Crackdown

2020 ◽  
pp. 88-109
Author(s):  
Russell Crandall
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Legal System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pharmaceutical Market ◽  
Drug Control ◽  
Freedom Of Choice ◽  
Drug Laws ◽  
Federal Level ◽  
American Legal System ◽  
The U.S

This chapter recounts how the United States in the nineteenth century permitted considerable personal freedom of choice regarding drugs, citing the idiosyncrasies of the U.S. Constitution that helped ensure potent forms of opium, cocaine, and cannabis remained widely available nationwide. It talks about how the American legal system made states responsible for regulating drugs, particularly opium and cannabis, on their own turf. It also discusses how most states and several major cities by 1910 had anti-drug laws wherein ritual police raids were a hallmark of the states' haphazard enforcement schemes. The chapter recounts the first efforts at drug control at the federal level, which were designed not to break up underground dealer networks but to regulate the runaway pharmaceutical market. It refers to the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906, which simply mandated that certain active ingredients meet standardized purity requirements and forced drug makers to label in a clear way any of ten ingredients considered unsafe.

scholarly journals Crash Risk in Currency Returns

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail Chernov ◽  
Jeremy Graveline ◽  
Irina Zviadadze
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Interest Rate ◽  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Empirical Model ◽  
Crash Risk ◽  
Currency Risk ◽  
Jump Risk ◽  
Bilateral Exchange ◽  
The U.S

We develop an empirical model of bilateral exchange rates. It includes normal shocks with stochastic variance and jumps in an exchange rate and in its variance. The probability of a jump in an exchange rate corresponding to depreciation (appreciation) of the U.S. dollar is increasing in the domestic (foreign) interest rate. The probability of a jump in variance is increasing in the variance only. Jumps in exchange rates are associated with announcements; jumps in variance are not. On average, jumps account for 25% of currency risk. The dollar carry index retains these features. Options suggest that jump risk is priced.

scholarly journals An Analysis of Mexican Remigration To The U.S.

1970 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-72
Author(s):  
David Molina ◽  
R. Todd Jewell
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Model ◽  
Temporary Workers ◽  
Undocumented Migrants ◽  
Mexican Migrants ◽  
Illegal Migrants ◽  
Migration Networks ◽  
Market Factors ◽  
Using Data ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The U.S

This paper presents an analysis of Mexican migrants to the U.S. and theirdecisions to remigrate. We concentrate on the relative impacts of market and nonmarketfactors such as income, remittances, and migration networks. We analyze theremigration decision of male, illegal migrants using data from the Mexican MigrationProject. Current migration proposals are geared towards policy that would allowfor some type of temporary workers. The empirical model presented here allowsfor a comparison of the relative impacts of market and non-market factors on thedecision to choose among different remigration options. The results indicate thatincome, remittances, and migration networks have significant effects on the remigrationdecisions of male, undocumented migrants.

scholarly journals An Empirical Model of Behavioral Heterogeneity

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-134
Author(s):  
Subal C Kumbhakar ◽  
Mike G Tsionas
Keyword(s):  
Mixture Model ◽  
Empirical Model ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Profit Maximization ◽  
Behavioral Heterogeneity ◽  
Profit Maximizing ◽  
Sample Separation ◽  
Additional Sample ◽  
The U.S

In this paper we propose a new latent class/mixture model (LCM) to determine whether firms behave like profit maximizers or just cost minimizers when there is no additional sample separation information. Since some firms might be maximizing profit while others might minimize cost, the LCM with behavioral heterogeneity can be quite useful. Estimation of the LCM amounts to mixing a cost minimization and a profit maximization model. Using the U.S. airlines data we find that after deregulation about 15% of the airlines are found to be consistent with profit maximizing behavior. 

Corporate Hit Men

2019 ◽  
pp. 137-153
Author(s):  
Horace A. Bartilow
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Empirical Model ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Transnational Corporations ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Theoretical Argument ◽  
State Repression ◽  
Latin American Region ◽  
The U.S

To test the theoretical components of the argument presented in chapter 5, this chapter develops an empirical model of how U.S. transnational corporations and paramilitary death squads mediate the U.S.-sponsored drug war’s effect on human rights repression in Latin America. In outlining this empirical model, this chapter is organized as follows: It first juxtapose the theoretical arguments of dependency and neoclassical liberal theories regarding the human rights effects of transnational capital by highlighting the theoretical and empirical limitations of neoclassical liberal claims. This is followed by a discussion of the empirical model, which draws on the extant human rights literature to identify important control variables that are important predictors of state repression. It then discusses important theoretical modifications that are incorporated into the overall empirical model. This is followed by a discussion of the limitations of the indicators used to measure the model’s mediating variables. structural equation modeling is used to analyze cross-national data for thirty-one countries from the Latin American region covering the period 1980 to 2012. All the components of the theoretical argument found strong statistical support.

An Empirical Model of the Sources of Innovation in the U.S. Manufacturing Sector

2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 33-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy A Leonard ◽  
Cliff Waldman
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Model ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
The U.S

An Empirical Model for Global Earthquake Fatality Estimation

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 1017-1037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kishor Jaiswal ◽  
David Wald
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Function ◽  
Empirical Model ◽  
Cumulative Distribution Function ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Cumulative Distribution ◽  
Intensity Level ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Two Parameter ◽  
The U.S

We analyzed mortality rates of earthquakes worldwide and developed a country/region-specific empirical model for earthquake fatality estimation within the U.S. Geological Survey's Prompt Assessment of Global Earthquakes for Response (PAGER) system. The earthquake fatality rate is defined as total killed divided by total population exposed at specific shaking intensity level. The total fatalities for a given earthquake are estimated by multiplying the number of people exposed at each shaking intensity level by the fatality rates for that level and then summing them at all relevant shaking intensities. The fatality rate is expressed in terms of a two-parameter lognormal cumulative distribution function of shaking intensity. The parameters are obtained for each country or a region by minimizing the residual error in hindcasting the total shaking-related deaths from earthquakes recorded between 1973 and 2007. A new global regionalization scheme is used to combine the fatality data across different countries with similar vulnerability traits.

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