scholarly journals Tourism and Crime: The Case of Bangladesh

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-102
Author(s):  
Moniruzzaman Muzib ◽  
Subrata Banarjee
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rational Choice Theory ◽  
Foreign Currency ◽  
Choice Theory ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Routine Activity Theory ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Routine Activity ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Reported Crime

Tourism is an important sector and contributes significantly in the economy of Bangladesh. However, in comparison to others, the tourism industry has not developed and flourished considerably due to some obstacles.  The increasing rate of crime is regarded as a potential threat for the industry. Besides some evidence from worldwide suggest that now a day, tourists and visitors are at risk of being victims of violent and property crimes. Some criminological theories such as rational choice theory, routine activity theory and opportunity theory indicate the significant relationship between crime and tourist areas.  Mainly the present study attempts to find out the relation between crime and tourism in Bangladesh along with the patterns of crime in tourist areas and the associated risk factors behind it. The qualitative method has been used to conduct the study and data has been collected from secondary sources like various statistics, articles, books, newspapers and so on. The findings of the study revealed that most of the tourist places were affected by criminal activities such as dacoity, robbery, murder, hijacking, riot, women repression, kidnapping, police assault, burglary, theft, etc. Consequently, the frequency and number of tour by the tourist increased at a slower rate and our country are earning lower foreign currency from the tourism sector in recent years. Concerning the high volume of crime, factors like high inequality, mass unemployment, low income, and low level of education has strong influences on crime. Also, it is cheap and easy to buy different types of weapons and bombs in hilly areas due to lack of proper oversight of law enforcing agencies. In 2011, the number of international visitor tourist reached 443,000 generating revenue of BDT6.6 billion. However, in our study period,     we found that the number of reported crime has been increasing day by day. Although the police reported crime increased sharply, in most cases residents have been victimized more than the foreigner. For this, the tourism industry is not yet badly affected by police-reported crime in most cases.  

scholarly journals TRENDS OF KIDNAPPING AND HOSTAGE TAKING IN 21ST CENTURY NIGERIA: A REFLECTIVE DISCOURSE

2021 ◽  
Vol 06 (01) ◽  
pp. 144-163
Author(s):  
Abolaji Adewale Obileye ◽  
◽  
Kayode George ◽  
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Rational Choice Theory ◽  
Choice Theory ◽  
Situational Crime Prevention ◽  
Routine Activity Theory ◽  
Routine Activity ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Geographical Boundary ◽  
Nigerian Government ◽  
Reflective Discourse

Kidnapping and hostage taking activities have geometrically increased across the world, taking different forms. These activities for money and other reasons have contributed immensely to the state of insecurity of average Nigerian from within and outside the territory. It is on this note that this paper addresses the trends of kidnapping and hostage taking in Nigeria, its causes, implications and how best to arrest the worrisome situation. Relevant existing body of knowledge were reviewed according to the objectives of the paper. The research design for the paper was explanatory in nature where rational choice theory, routine activity theory and situational crime prevention were adopted to buttress the understanding of the subject matter. Based on the reviewed literature, it was found that the trend of kidnapping and hostage taking in the 21st century Nigeria is on the “high” side thereby needing urgent attention from all stakeholders; Nigerian government, non-governmental organisations, private bodies and all citizens. It is, therefore, recommended that increased effort to fight kidnapping and hostage taking should be made possible by the Nigerian government. This would make the risk of involving in kidnapping related activities higher than the expected benefit; to deter offenders and potential ones from committing such act. Also, capturing the geographical boundary of Nigeria with sophisticated gadget will help reduce the chances of being a victim of kidnapping. These strategies would make kidnapping unattractive to the motivated offender since the opportunity to commit such crime no longer exists.

12. Free will, classicism, and rational choice

Criminology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Case ◽  
Phil Johnson ◽  
David Manlow ◽  
Roger Smith ◽  
Kate Williams
Keyword(s):  
Free Will ◽  
Rational Choice ◽  
John Locke ◽  
Rational Choice Theory ◽  
Choice Theory ◽  
Situational Crime Prevention ◽  
Critical Criminology ◽  
Routine Activity Theory ◽  
Routine Activity ◽  
Jeremy Bentham

This chapter explores the importance of free will and rational choice in the criminal justice system. It first explains the purpose of theory and how to interpret, test, and critically consider ideas in the context of criminological study before discussing classical theories which assert that people freely and rationally choose to offend and therefore can — and should — be punished or have their choices prevented (by, for example, reducing offending opportunities). It then considers the main theoretical schools in criminology including classicism, positivism, interpretivism, and critical criminology. It also looks at classical criminology and the key thinkers that shaped it, including John Locke and Jeremy Bentham, as well as the policies to which it gave rise. The chapter concludes with an analysis of neo-classical criminology, rational choice theory, routine activity theory, and situational crime prevention.

Property Crime and Tourists

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rob Mawby
Keyword(s):  
Rational Choice Theory ◽  
Choice Theory ◽  
Property Crime ◽  
Routine Activity Theory ◽  
Routine Activity ◽  
Risk Category ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Police Statistics ◽  
Newspaper Data ◽  
Crime Risk

This chapter addresses the extent to which tourists are at risk of property crimes. It starts with a discussion of the difficulties of measuring crime risk that largely replicate those in mainstream criminology, but with the additional problem that the number of tourists – in the general population or who are victimised – is rarely distinguished. Accepting these limitations, police statistics, victim surveys, newspaper data, and offenders’ accounts of their preferred targets are used to confirm that tourists are indeed overrepresented among the victims of property crime. This seems to apply across different offence categories, such as burglary, vehicle theft, robbery/theft from the person, and fraud. The final section attempts to explain the findings. Combining routine activity theory, opportunity theory and rational choice theory, four dimensions are identified that help explain why tourists consitute a high risk category: rewards, justifiability of target, guardianship and accessibility.

Killing Civilians as an Inferior Input in a Rational Choice Model of Genocide and Mass Killing

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles H. Anderton
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Rational Choice ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rational Choice Theory ◽  
Choice Theory ◽  
Choice Model ◽  
Optimal Choice ◽  
Mass Killing ◽  
Rational Choice Model ◽  
Violence Against Civilians

AbstractThis article presents a rational choice model of a regime’s incentive to allocate resources to fighting rebels and killing civilians when facing an internal threat to its political or territorial control. Assuming that intentional violence against civilians is an inferior input and fighting rebels is subject to increasing marginal returns, three weak state conditions – anocracy, new state status, and low income – increase civilian atrocities within the model. Also, two other risk factors for mass atrocities – discrimination and Cold War conditions – can be seen as “price reducers” for killing civilians, thus increasing the quantity demanded for civilian atrocities in the model. The modeling exercises show how intentional violence against civilians can be viewed through an economic lens of optimal choice and how rational choice theory provides a parsimonious way to theorize and generate empirically testable hypotheses about risk factors for genocide and mass killing.

Measuring Crime in and around Public Housing Using GIS

2005 ◽  
pp. 311-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold R. Holzman ◽  
Robert A. Hyatt ◽  
Tarl Roger Kudrick
Keyword(s):  
Public Housing ◽  
Routine Activity Theory ◽  
Routine Activity ◽  
Gis Technology ◽  
Housing Developments ◽  
Aggravated Assault ◽  
Police Data ◽  
Hard Evidence ◽  
Crime Counts ◽  
Reported Crime

For many people, the phrase “public housing” conjures up images of serious violent crime. However, the neighborhood surrounding public housing may be a greater factor in crime than the housing itself. Because most police departments do not routinely keep statistics on small parcels of land like public housing developments or neighborhoods, measuring the incidence of crime in public housing has proved difficult. Consequently, there is little hard evidence with respect to whether public housing is more or less crime-ridden than the neighborhoods that surround it. This chapter explores the application of geographic information systems (GIS) technology in measuring reported crime levels in and around public housing developments. GIS technology was used to extract crime counts from police data bases of reported incidents for (1) public housing developments and (2) the surrounding neighborhoods. Rates of reported Part I crimes in public housing developments are compared with those in the surrounding neighborhoods and in the respective municipal jurisdictions. Odds ratios are used to compare the risk of victimization in public housing with that in the respective neighborhood and municipal catchment zones. The GIS-based analysis of reported crime in and around public housing communities reveals that risk of falling victim to aggravated assault in public housing communities is much higher than in the surrounding neighborhoods or in the parent jurisdictions as whole. Conversely, risk of property crimes such as burglary, larceny and car theft appears to be much lower. These crime patterns are discussed in the context of routine activity theory.

Residential burglary victimization

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don Soo Chon
Keyword(s):  
Activity Theory ◽  
Low Income ◽  
International Crime ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Routine Activity Theory ◽  
Routine Activity ◽  
Residential Burglary ◽  
Crime Victimization ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Detached House

The current study employed the International Crime Victimization Survey for 142,665 subjects in 35 countries to compare residential burglary patterns across countries by their developmental levels. The mixed-level modeling shows that households in less developed countries were more likely to experience residential burglary than those in highly developed countries. In addition, married status and low income levels were positively, while living in a detached house was negatively, related to burglary victimization. These findings are consistent with routine activity theory.

Rational Choice Theory and the 1990 Party Merger in South Korea

OUGHTOPIA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-282
Author(s):  
In-Kyun Kim ◽  
Myeong-Geon Koh
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Rational Choice ◽  
Rational Choice Theory ◽  
Choice Theory

POLITICS-LAW CONVERGENCE OR DIVERGENCE? 'SMALL' POLITICAL PARTIES, REALPOLITIKAND SOUTH AFRICA'S 20 YEARS OF DEMOCRACY

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kealeboga J Maphunye
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Rational Choice ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Rational Choice Theory ◽  
Choice Theory ◽  
Democratic Consolidation ◽  
Secondary Research ◽  
Extant Literature ◽  
African Charter

This article examines South Africa's 20-year democracy by contextualising the roles of the 'small' political parties that contested South Africa's 2014 elections. Through the  prism  of South  Africa's  Constitution,  electoral legislation  and the African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance, it examines these parties' roles in South Africa's democratisation; their influence,  if any, in parliament, and whether they play any role in South Africa's continental or international engagements. Based on a review of the extant literature, official documents,  legislation, media, secondary research, reports and the results of South Africa's elections, the article relies on game theory, rational choice theory and theories of democracy and democratic consolidation to examine 'small' political parties' roles in the country's political and legal systems. It concludes that the roles of 'small' parties in governance and democracy deserve greater recognition than is currently the case, but acknowledges the extreme difficulty experienced by the 'small'  parties in playing a significant role in democratic consolidation, given their formidable opponent in a one-party dominant system.

Nuclear Weapons, South Asia and Morality

Think India ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 535-546
Author(s):  
ABHISHEK CHOUDHARY
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Rational Choice Theory ◽  
Choice Theory ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Moral Perspective ◽  
The Us ◽  
Positive Duties ◽  
Nuclear Development ◽  
Asian Context

The paper analyses the concerns arising from a moral perspective in the context of a renewed arms race in South Asia. It challenges the idea that possession of nuclear power could in any way contribute to any sort of balance. The emulation of so-called great powers and expecting that balance would arrive as it did in the case of the US and the erstwhile-USSR during cold war is detrimental to the temporal and spatial uniqueness of South Asia. Deterrence, based on rational choice theory, does not apply to the South Asian context due to ambiguity owing to mutual mistrust especially in the case of India and Pakistan. Also, it no longer only sates that are sole actors in the international arena. One cannot expect the non-state actors to behave in a rational manner. Furthermore, the idea of ‘credible minimum deterrence’ itself is questionable as it is a flexible posture adjusted to relative prowess and ambiguity in policy further aggravates the situation. The paper argues from a consequentialist notion of ethics and argues that the principles of harm and equity ought be part of nuclear decision-making. Another aspect that the paper uncovers relates to the ‘reification’ of nuclear power. Using a neo-Marxist framework and concept of Lukács, the paper argues that it is no longer the state as a repository of power that decides the trajectory of nuclear development. Rather the nuclear technology has started to dictate the way states are looking at regional and international relations. This inverted relationship has been created due to neglect of any ethical toolkit. The paper thus proposes an ethical toolkit that focuses on the negative duties of not to harm and also the positive duties to create conditions that would avoid harm being done to people.

Nowe podejście do harmonizacji technicznej w Unii Europejskiej a swoboda przepływu towarów

2016 ◽  
pp. 70-86
Author(s):  
Iwona Miedzińska
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Consumer Protection ◽  
Rational Choice Theory ◽  
Choice Theory ◽  
Single Market ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Primary Method ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Free Movement Of Goods

This article is about the new approach directives and their impact on ensuring the free movement of goods in the single market. The author analysed the relevant legislation of the European Union adopted in the field of technical harmonisation: regulations and directives. The primary method of research used in this article is the legal and institutional analysis. Neofunctionalism and rational choice theory were also helpful to explain the processes of integration in this area. The analysis shows that the new approach directives affect the streamlining of procedures for the movement of goods in the single market. However, despite the simplification of procedures for the movement of goods, an adequate level of safety and consumer protection is ensured. The member states and the European Commission have effective response mechanisms when a product endangers life, health or safety of consumers.

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