Understanding the Immunology of Type 1 Diabetes – An Overview of Current Knowledge and Perspectives for the Future

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 70
Author(s):  
Anil Piya ◽  
Aaron W Michels ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Immune Intervention ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Beta Cell Destruction ◽  
Chronic Autoimmune Disease ◽  
Ultimate Cure

Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease resulting from the immune destruction of insulin-producing β-cells in pancreatic islets. It is now a predicable disease in humans with the measurement of islet autoantibodies. Despite the ability to assess disease risk, there is no cure for type 1 diabetes and treatment requires lifelong insulin administration. Individuals with type 1 diabetes are at risk of long-term complications of the disease and the development of concomitant autoimmune disorders. Our understanding of the immunology of diabetes has increased greatly over the last decade at a basic science level, with translation to type 1 diabetes patients. Therapies are emerging to prevent beta cell destruction in these patients. This article centres around our current understanding of the immunology of type 1 diabetes, with a focus on immune intervention for the prevention and ultimate cure of the disease.

Understanding the Immunology of Type 1 Diabetes— An Overview of Current Knowledge and Perspectives for the Future

2012 ◽  
Vol 08 (01) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Anil Piya ◽  
Aaron W Michels ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Immune Intervention ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Beta Cell Destruction ◽  
Chronic Autoimmune Disease ◽  
Ultimate Cure

Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease resulting from the immune destruction of insulin-producing β-cells in pancreatic islets. It is now a predicable disease in humans with the measurement of islet autoantibodies. Despite the ability to assess disease risk, there is no cure for type 1 diabetes and treatment requires lifelong insulin administration. Individuals with type 1 diabetes are at risk of long-term complications of the disease and the development of concomitant autoimmune disorders. Our understanding of the immunology of diabetes has increased greatly over the last decade at a basic science level, with translation to type 1 diabetes patients. Therapies are emerging to prevent beta cell destruction in these patients. This article centers around our current understanding of the immunology of type 1 diabetes, with a focus on immune intervention for the prevention and ultimate cure of the disease.

Vitamin D and Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Type 1 Diabetes modulation

2022 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thais Sibioni Berti Bastos ◽  
Tárcio Teodoro Braga ◽  
Mariana Rodrigues Davanso
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Chronic Autoimmune Disease

Background: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects people globally. Usually developed during childhood, T1D is characterized by the destruction of pancreatic β-cells due to immune cell attack and the establishment of an inflammatory process. Objective: The study aimed to investigate the effects of vitamin D through its nuclear receptor and the ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) through their lipid derivatives in T1D modulation. Both components exert anti-inflammatory activity and act directly on cells of the immune system, attenuating the destruction of insulin-producing cells. Furthermore, they lead to a better glycemic level, reducing the need for insulin and a normal immune state, such as C-peptide maintenance. Method: Presently, our review highlights the significant studies that evaluated the supplementation of vitamin D and ω-3 PUFAs in humans and animal models in the modulation of T1D. Conclusion: The data collected suggests that supplementation can provide potential benefits, mainly when done early in the diagnosis, since it reduces the need for insulin and the risk of complications generated by the disease.

scholarly journals Immune interventions to preserve β cell function in type 1 diabetes

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario R Ehlers
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Regulatory T Cells ◽  
Immune Modulation ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Β Cell

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease that leads to destruction of pancreatic β cells, lifelong dependence on insulin, and increased morbidity and mortality from diabetes-related complications. Preservation of residual β cells at diagnosis is a major goal because higher levels of endogenous insulin secretion are associated with better short- and long-term outcomes. For the past 3 decades, a variety of immune interventions have been evaluated in the setting of new-onset T1D, including nonspecific immunosuppression, pathway-specific immune modulation, antigen-specific therapies, and cellular therapies. To date, no single intervention has produced durable remission off therapy in most treated patients, but the field has gained valuable insights into disease mechanisms and potential immunologic correlates of success. In particular, T-cell–directed therapies, including therapies that lead to partial depletion or modulation of effector T cells and preservation or augmentation of regulatory T cells, have shown the most success and will likely form the backbone of future approaches. The next phase will see evaluation of rational combinations, comprising one or more of the following: an effector T-depleting or -modulating drug, a cytokine-based tolerogenic (regulatory T-cells–promoting) agent, and an antigen-specific component. The long term goal is to reestablish immunologic tolerance to β cells, thereby preserving residual β cells early after diagnosis or enabling restoration of β-cell mass from autologous stem cells or induced neogenesis in patients with established T1D.

scholarly journals MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Insulin and type 1 diabetes: immune connections

2013 ◽  
Vol 168 (2) ◽  
pp. R19-R31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sloboda Culina ◽  
Vedran Brezar ◽  
Roberto Mallone
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Target Antigen ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Autoreactive T Cells ◽  
Central Tolerance ◽  
Initial Target

Insulin is the hormone produced by pancreatic β-cells, with a central role in carbohydrate and fat metabolism. Together with its precursors preproinsulin and proinsulin, insulin is also a key target antigen (Ag) of the autoimmune islet destruction leading to type 1 diabetes. Being recognized by both autoantibodies (aAbs) and autoreactive T cells, insulin plays a triggering role, at least in rodent models, in diabetes pathogenesis. It is expressed not only by β-cells but also in the thymus, where it plays a major role in central tolerance mechanisms. We will summarize current knowledge concerning insulin, its role in β-cell autoimmunity as initial target Ag, its recognition by aAbs and autoreactive T cells, and the detection of these immune responses to provide biomarkers for clinical trials employing insulin as an immune modulatory agent.

scholarly journals Immunological predictors of type 1 diabetes mellitus (literature review)

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-174
Author(s):  
K. G. Korneva ◽  
L. G. Strongin ◽  
V. E. Zagainov
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Chronic Autoimmune Disease

Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by insulin deficiency due β-cell destruction and following hyperglycaemia. Specific markers of T1DM are pancreatic islet-targeting autoantibodies that are found months to years before symptom onset, and can be used to identify individuals who are at risk of developing T1DM.Aim: The study is aimed at the review of current knowledge of diabetes-related autoantibodies as biomarkers of T1DM.Materials and methods: Foreign and national clinical studies on this topic were included. PubMed, Medline and ­eLibrary were searched.Results: Modern ideas about known diabetes-specific autoantibodies as markers of autoimmune inflammation of β-cells of the pancreas were discussed. The analysis of their independent diagnostic value in predicting the occurrence of T1DM were carried out.Conclusion: There is no unified concept in the literature on this issue. Current data on autoantibodies in T1DM show a ­significant individual variability in the timing, dynamic changes and autoantibody composition in T1DM progression.

scholarly journals Altered Frequency and Phenotype of HLA-G-Expressing DC-10 in Type 1 Diabetes Patients at Onset and in Subjects at Risk to Develop the Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giada Amodio ◽  
Alessandra Mandelli ◽  
Rosalia Curto ◽  
Paola M. V. Rancoita ◽  
Angela Stabilini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Antigen Presenting ◽  
Chronic Autoimmune Disease

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease resulting in progressive destruction of β-cells. Several factors affecting lymphocyte and antigen-presenting cells, including dendritic cells (DCs), contribute to defective maintenance of tolerance in T1D. DC-10 are a subset of human DCs involved in IL-10-mediated tolerance. A precise monitoring of DC-10 in the peripheral blood is possible thanks to the discovery of specific biomarkers. DC-10, being cells that naturally express HLA-G, may be used for the appropriate staging of the disease. By enumerating and phenotypically characterizing DC-10 in the peripheral blood of subjects at different stages of T1D development—first-degree relatives (FDRs) of T1D patients, without (Abneg) or with (Abpos) autoantibodies, T1D patients at onset, and age-matched healthy controls (HCs)—we showed that DC-10 contain a high proportion of HLA-G-expressing cells as compared with monocytes. We reported that a low frequency of DC-10 during disease development is paralleled with the increased proportion of pro-inflammatory cDC2 cells. Moreover, DC-10 number and phenotype differ from Abneg FDRs, Abpos FDRs, and T1D patients compared with HCs, and DC-10 from T1D patients express low levels of CD83. Finally, multiple regression analysis, considering DC-10 and HLA-G-related parameters, showed that Abneg FDRs are more similar to subjects with autoimmunity than to HCs. This is the first demonstration that impairment in DC-10 number and phenotype, specifically CD83 expression, is associated with risk of developing T1D, suggesting a possible use of CD83+ DC-10 to stratify individuals at risk of T1D in conjunction with classical prognostic factors.

scholarly journals Is It Time to Screen the General Population for Type 1 Diabetes?

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (01) ◽  
pp. 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimber M Simmons ◽  
Aaron W Michels ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
General Population ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Population Screening ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Targeted Screening ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chronic Autoimmune Disease

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by destruction of insulin-producing β cells in the pancreas. The incidence of T1D is increasing dramatically, and the prevalence has doubled in the last 2 decades, further increasing the morbidity and mortality associated with the disease. T1D is now predictable with the measurement of antibodies directed against β cell proteins. Islet autoantibodies (IAs) are detectable from the peripheral blood months to years before clinical diagnosis. With the presence of two or more antibodies, the risk for developing T1D is nearly 100 % given enough time. Targeted screening for T1D risk has been carried out in first-degree relatives and those with a significant genetic risk. However, more than 85 % of individuals who are diagnosed with T1D do not have a family history. In light of the predictability of T1D and recent advances in IA measurement, general population screening is on the horizon. We provide an overview of the history of general population screening and discuss the rationale for and arguments against screening the general population for T1D risk.

Evaluation of gastric emptying and neuropathy in short- and long-term type-1 diabetes

2006 ◽  
Vol 44 (05) ◽  
Author(s):  
T Várkonyi ◽  
É Börcsök ◽  
R Takács ◽  
R Róka ◽  
C Lengyel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Term Type
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