Rapid Small-Scale Evaluation of Expected Annual Flood Damages Under Sea Level Rise Scenarios

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Troy Robert Louis Ludlow
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Evaluation ◽  
Flood Damages

scholarly journals Disjunct perceptions? Climate change threats in two-low lying South African coastal towns

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (31) ◽  
pp. 59-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gijsbert Hoogendoorn ◽  
Bronwyn Grant ◽  
Jennifer M. Fitchett
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
South African ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Tourist Accommodation

Abstract Coastal towns rely heavily on the quality and expanse of their beaches to attract tourists. Climate is an important tourism determinant, controlling the length and timing of peak arrivals. South African tourism is particularly reliant on these factors. Perceptions of tourists and tourist accommodation establishment regarding climate change threats to tourism are explored for the towns of St Francis Bay and Cape St Francis. Tourism accommodation establishments were predominantly concerned with day-to-day changes in weather, investing in small-scale infrastructural changes to improve the comfort of their guests. By contrast, tourists demonstrated greater concern for the risk of flooding, sea-level rise and the degeneration of the beaches. This reflects concerning disjunctures between perceptions of tourists and accommodation establishments regarding climate change threats. This may portray to tourists insufficient investment in adaptation at accommodation establishments, resulting in decreased tourist visitations in the short-term in favour of destinations perceived as better prepared.

scholarly journals Forest Loss is Accelerating Along the US Gulf Coast

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. McCarthy ◽  
Benjamin Dimmitt ◽  
Sebastian DiGeronimo ◽  
Frank E. Muller-Karger
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Aerial Images ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Landscape Photography ◽  
Big Bend ◽  
The Us ◽  
Landsat Satellite

Abstract Sea-level rise is impacting the longest undeveloped stretch of coastline in the contiguous United States: The Florida Big Bend. Due to its low elevation and a higher-than-global-average local rate of sea-level rise, the region is losing coastal forest to encroaching marsh at an unprecedented rate. Previous research found a rate of forest-to-marsh conversion of up to 1.2 km2 year−1 during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, but these studies evaluated small-scale changes, suffered from data gaps, or are substantially outdated. We replicated and updated these studies with Landsat satellite imagery covering the entire Big Bend region from 2003 to 2016 and corroborated results with in situ landscape photography and high-resolution aerial imagery. Our analysis of satellite and aerial images from 2003 to 2016 indicates a rate of approximately 10 km2 year−1 representing an increase of over 800%. Areas previously found to be unaffected by the decline are now in rapid retreat.

No evidence from the eastern Mediterranean for a MIS 5e double peak sea-level highstand

2018 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 505-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Mauz ◽  
Zhixiong Shen ◽  
Noureddine Elmejdoub ◽  
Giorgio Spada
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Double Peak ◽  
Oxygen Isotope Stage ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Global Sea Level ◽  
Facies Succession ◽  
Mis 5E

AbstractTo understand past and future sea-level variability, it is important to know if during an interglacial the eustatic sea level is constant or oscillates by several meters around an average value. Several field sites within and outside the tropics have been interpreted to suggest such oscillations during Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage (MIS) 5e (129–116 ka). Here, we present our analysis of one such non-tropical site, Hergla, where a facies succession indicates two foreshore deposits above each other, previously interpreted as MIS 5e sea-level highstand amplified by a second rise. Our study, based on field, microfacies, and optical age Bayesian statistics shows a sea-level rise forming the upper foreshore strata that coincided with the global sea-level rise of the MIS 5a interstadial. The site does therefore not provide evidence for the MIS 5e double peak. We conclude from our analysis that the facies-based proxy is insensitive to small-scale sea-level oscillation. Likewise, uncertainties associated with age estimates are too large to robustly infer a short-term sea-level change.

Numerical Simulation for Coastal Area Inundation and its Application 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kwang Ik Son ◽  
Woochang Jeong ◽  
Seboong Oh
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Coastal Area ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Disaster Prevention ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Volume Method ◽  
Technology Institute

<p>Many extreme sea level rise events, such as tsunami and surges, caused by abnormal climate change results sea level rise to frequent and serious flooding at coastal basins. The Typhoon Mamie resulted 200M US dollars property damage, 3 thousand family refugees, and 14 victims at Changwon city in 2003.  Furthermore, it is expected that the extreme sea level rise events due to abnormal climate change might be getting frequent and serious as times go by.</p><p>In this study, a numerical simulation and analysis of flood inundation in a small-scale coastal area had been carried out. The applied numerical model adopts two-D finite volume method with a well-balanced HLLC(Harten–Lax–Van Leer contact) scheme. The calibration was performed with comparison between simulation results and real inundated records of Changwon city during the typhoon “Maemi” in September 2003.</p><p>The model was developed to provide overflow simulation capability of parapet wall along coastal line as boundary conditions. Inundation scenarios were simulated with various parapet wall heights and analyzed the efficiency of disaster prevention measures from inundation due to sea level rise.</p><p>Numerical inundation simulation study showed efficiency of parapet walls along coastal line as one of the structural measures. It was found that the inundation volume could be reduced with respect to non-parapet wall by providing parapet wall along coastal line. In addition, the economic analysis between damages due to inundation and construction cost for parapet wall was performed for optimal disaster prevention design.</p><p>Acknowledgement: This work was supported by Korea Environment Industry & Technology Institute(KEITI) though Water Management Research Program, funded by Korea Ministry of Environment(MOE)(79608). and Korean NRF (2019R1A2C1003604)</p>

scholarly journals ADAPTATION OF EXISTING BREAKWATERS TO SEA LEVEL RISE – OVERTOPPING EFFECT

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (33) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Dang-Trinh Nguyen ◽  
Jérôme Brossard
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Empirical Models ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Wave Overtopping ◽  
Changement Climatique ◽  
Impacts Of Climate Change

This paper describes the wave overtopping measurements of small scale maritime breakwater in sea level rise scenarios which are supposed in French program GICC (Gestion et Impacts du Changement Climatique - Management and Impacts of Climate Change). Many reinforced solutions have been carried out with the purpose to conserve the overtopping rate; among them, the influence of raising freeboard crest is analyzed. The test results are compared with results from literature and with the empirical models presented by Owen (1980), Van der Meer (1998) and Besley (1999). Since then, a guideline is proposed for a better prediction of wave overtopping with various types of high crown-wall.

scholarly journals Evolution of Cretaceous to Eocene alluvial and carbonate platform sequences in central and south Jordan

GeoArabia ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 29-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Powell ◽  
Basem K. Moh’d
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Carbonate Platform ◽  
Alluvial Plain ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Relative Sea Level ◽  
Marine Transgression ◽  
Depositional Sequences ◽  
Global Sea Level

ABSTRACT The Cretaceous to Eocene succession in central and south Jordan is characterised by passive continental margin depositional sequences, which pass upward from alluvial/paralic to carbonate shelf and pelagic ramp settings. Detailed section logging and outcrop mapping have produced robust lithostratigraphic and lithofacies schemes that can be correlated throughout the region and in the subsurface. These schemes are set in a sequence-stratigraphic context in relation to the evolution sedimentation on the Arabian and Levant plates. Three major megasequences are described (Kurnub, Ajlun and Belqa), and these are further subdivided into large-scale depositional sequences separated by regional sequence boundaries that represent maximum flooding surfaces. There is close correspondence between maximum flooding surfaces recording major sea-level rise with those derived for the Arabian and Levant plates, although there are some discrepancies with the precise timing of global sea-level fluctuations. An upward change from braided to meandering stream fluvial environments in central and south Jordan during the Early Cretaceous, reflects a decreasing geomorphological gradient of the alluvial plain, declining siliciclastic sediment flux, and increased floodplain accommodation, associated with a regional Late Albian (second-order) rise in relative sea-level. The Late Albian to Early Cenomanian marine transgression across the coastal alluvial plain marks a major sequence boundary. During Cenomanian to Turonian times a rimmed carbonate-shelf was established, characterised by skeletal carbonates showing small-scale, upward-shallowing cycles (fourth- to fifth-order parasequences) ranging from subtidal to intertidal facies, arranged into parasequence sets. Rimmed carbonate shelf sequences pass laterally to coeval coastal/alluvial plain facies to the south and east. Eustatic (third-order) fluctuations in relative sea level during the Cenomanian and Early Turonian resulted in deposition of ammonite-rich wackestones and organic-rich marls, during high sea-level stands (maximum flooding surfaces). Progradational sabkha/salina facies passing landwards to fluvial siliciclastics were deposited during an Early Turonian sea-level low stand, marks a regional sequence boundary, above which a highstand carbonate platform was established. A second-order, regional rise in sea level and marine transgression during the Early Coniacian marks a Type 2 sequence boundary, and subsequent drowning of the rimmed carbonate shelf by Late Coniacian times. Sedimentation during the Santonian to Maastrichtian was characterised by a hemi-pelagic chalk-chert-phosphorite lithofacies association, deposited in shallow to moderate water depths on a homoclinal ramp setting, although thicker coeval sequences were deposited in extensional rifts. The marked change in sedimentation from rimmed carbonate shelf to pelagic ramp is attributed to Neo-Tethyan mid-oceanic rifting, tilting, intracratonic deformation and subsidence of the platform; this is reflected in changes in biogenic productivity and ocean currents. Oceanic upwelling and high organic productivity resulted in the deposition of phosphorite together with giant oyster banks, the latter developing within oxygenated wave-base on the inner ramp. Chalk hardgrounds, sub-marine erosion surfaces, and gravitational slump folds indicate depositional hiatus and tectonic instability on the ramp. In the Early Maastrichtian, deeper-water chalk-marl, locally organic-rich, was deposited in density-stratified, anoxic basins, that were partly fault controlled. Pulsatory marine onlap (highstand sequences) during the Eocene is manifested in pelagic chalk and chert with a paucity of benthic macro-fauna, indicating a highly stressed, possibly hypersaline, and density-stratified water column. Comparison with global and regional relative sea-level curves enable regionally induced tectonic factors (hinterland uplift and ocean spreading) to be deduced, against a background of global sea-level rise, changing oceanic chemistry/productivity and climatic change.

EQUITABLE ADAPTATION PLANNING IN HISTORIC COASTAL CITIES: OBSERVATIONS FROM AN ARCHITECTURAL PRACTICE

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-216
Author(s):  
Stephanie Reed Zurek
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Adaptation Planning ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Adaptation Measures ◽  
Regulatory Policies ◽  
Coastal Cities

INTRODUCTION In communities all along the seaboard, we have large and challenging conversations ahead of us. Historic coastal cities must reconcile tensions between preserving a community's existing cultural heritage and the reality of planning for several feet of sea level rise in the coming decades. As more frequent tidal flooding and more extensive storm surges begin to affect the lowest-lying neighborhoods, cities and states are faced with decisions about where and when to invest in adaptation measures and at what scale. Adaptation measures will undoubtedly change the landscape of the existing built environment, which contributes to each community's cultural heritage and its collective psyche. How can a community move forward with the joint goals of preservation and protection? The decisions are daunting and imagining a built environment that accommodates a rising sea can be a surreal exercise. Questions will be raised such as, what funds are available for large-scale infrastructure projects? Or, why is investment continuing in this neighborhood if it will be under water in fifty years? Architects may feel unequipped to enter these conversations. The easiest, and likely last, series of decisions in this process may be about how to elevate a building. However, before arriving at such a decision, an interconnected web of related conversations must occur. Despite one's reluctance to participate in such a daunting task, a designer's skill set is useful in the process. The assistance that is required of architects at the front end of preparing historic coastal communities for sea level rise includes gathering and presenting existing conditions data, facilitating robust and inclusive conversations, educating decision-makers, and illustrating options, all of which empower communities to work together toward an appropriate and equitable solution. Architects have an opportunity to not only facilitate and participate in adaptation planning conversations, but also to advocate for and influence the structure of decision-making processes to be more inclusive and participatory. The following discussion highlights specific challenges in historic coastal cities, using several examples from our work in Rhode Island, as well as observations of state and municipal planning processes. As architects and urban designers, it is Union Studio's mission to enrich the lives of people and communities through the design of buildings and places for this generation and the next. We dedicate ourselves to projects ranging from large-scale neighborhood masterplans and public libraries to smaller-scale urban infill development and residential design. The change in scale from one project to the next compels us to consider the implications of small-scale design details on the overall character of a place and, conversely, the implications of broad regulatory policies on the design of a single building or home.

Authigenic pyrite formation in iron-dominated marine sediments of the Mozambique Margin

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Zindorf ◽  
Jurjen Rooze ◽  
Christof Meile ◽  
Gwenael Jouet ◽  
Christian März ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Reactive Transport ◽  
Sediment Cores ◽  
Sediment Deposition ◽  
Geochemical Data ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Authigenic Minerals ◽  
The Past ◽  
Zambezi River

<p>Sediment deposition along continental margins and especially close to the outlets of major river systems is highly dynamic and influenced by changing environmental conditions, such as sea-level variations and the shifting of ocean currents. <br>The upper slope of the Mozambique margin (SE Africa) receives its sediments from the Zambezi River and is the largest river-fed deposition center along the Eastern African Margin. Global sea level rise during the last glacial-Holocene transition led to a re-routing of the Zambezi River sediment plume. This caused order-of-magnitude changes in sedimentation rates along the shelf break of the Mozambique margin. The variable sediment input as well as changing organic matter load and quality resulted in non-steady state early diagenesis leading to changes in formation and upward flow of methane. This is reflected in temporally and spatially variable formation conditions of authigenic minerals (such as pyrite), especially at the sulfate-methane transition zone (SMTZ) where upward-diffusing methane is anaerobically oxidized by sulfate. Pyrite accumulations in sediment cores can be used to define the past positioning of SMTZs. The isotopic composition of sulfur in pyrite can provide information about the geochemical and environmental factors (e.g., availability of methane, sulfate, reactive iron) controlling the formation of these authigenic minerals during different times of sediment deposition.</p><p>We present geochemical data from sediment cores acquired in 2015 during the PAMELA-MOZ4 campaign onboard R/V Pourquoi Pas? offshore Mozambique. A reactive transport model is used to simulate the evolution of early diagenetic conditions over the time of sediment deposition (i.e., the last 27,000 years). By reproducing the currently observed mineral accumulations, the temporal development of methane generation and upward flux, and the past positioning of the SMTZ, can be reconstructed. With this, we are able to put a time constraint on past events of authigenic mineral accumulation and reveal their response to sedimentation rate changes caused by sea-level rise. We further discuss isotope signatures of small-scale diagenetic processes at the Mozambique margin.</p><p>This research was co-funded by TOTAL and IFREMER as part of the PAMELA scientific project.</p>

scholarly journals Salt Marsh Accretion With and Without Deep Soil Subsidence as a Proxy for Sea-Level Rise

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han F. van Dobben ◽  
Alma V. de Groot ◽  
Jan P. Bakker
Keyword(s):  
Salt Marsh ◽  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Water Depth ◽  
Salt Marshes ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Deep Soil ◽  
Flooding Regime ◽  
Soil Subsidence ◽  
Marsh Accretion

AbstractThe relation between salt marsh accretion and flooding regime was quantified by statistical analysis of a unique dataset of accretion measurements using sedimentation-erosion bars, on three barrier islands in the Dutch Wadden Sea over a period of c. 15 years. On one of the islands, natural gas extraction caused deep soil subsidence, which resulted in gradually increasing flooding frequency, duration, and depth, and can thus be seen as a proxy for sea-level rise. Special attention was paid to effects of small-scale variation e.g., in distance to tidal creeks or marsh edges, elevation of the marsh surface, and presence of livestock. Overall mean accretion rate was 0.44 ± 0.0005 cm year−1, which significantly exceeded the local rate of sea-level rise of 0.25 ± 0.009 cm year−1. A multiple regression approach was used to detect the combined effect of flooding regime and the local environment. The most important flooding-related factors that enhance accretion are mean water depth during flooding and overall mean water depth, but local accretion strongly decreases with increasing distance to the nearest creek or to the salt marsh edge. Mean water depth during flooding can be seen as an indicator for storm intensity, while overall mean water depth is a better indicator for storm frequency. The regression parameters were used to run a simple model simulating the effect of various sea-level scenarios on accretion and show that, even under extreme scenarios of sea-level rise, these salt marshes can probably persist for the next 100 years, although the higher parts may experience more frequent inundation.

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