Male part-time employment as a percentage of male employment

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Part Time ◽  
Male Part

scholarly journals The problem of defining the women’s status in sugar-refining industry: “woman” – “half-worker” – “worker” (on an example of sugar factories of Kyiv province, 1880s–1900s)

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
Ihor Karpenko
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
Working Women ◽  
Women's Status ◽  
Refining Industry ◽  
Women’S Status ◽  
Reform Period ◽  
Industrial Labor ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Male Part ◽  
Woman Working

This article regards the problem of defining the women’s status in the sugar-refining industry of the Russia Empire post-reform period. Based on the cases of sugar factories of Kyiv province during the 1880s–1905s, the author illustrates a complicated process of determining the role and the place of female laborers in the professional structure of industrial institutions which relate to this type of industry. Due to the fact that women had been recruited to unqualified parts of the working class (in the majority of cases), they remained at the bottom of the hierarchy of industrial labor. In contrast to men-laborers, who were distributed by the qualification parameter and professional skill (qualified/unqualified labor force), women-laborers were distributed by the gender parameter. Based on the archival materials of the factory inspection funds and in-factory documentation, it was found that working women were most often identified into the category “women” (“zhenschina”), less often as “part-time workers” (“polurabochaya”), and even less often as “workers” (“rabochaya”). It is possible to say that such division differed significantly from the distribution among the male part of the working class (“rabochiy/polurabo- chiy”). After all, a woman working in an industrial space was generally perceived not as a full-fledged unit of labor but as a supplement to qualified male labor. However, the model proposed by the author of this study: “woman” – “semi-worker” – “worker”, opened a different angle, according to which a woman’s professional position was not clearly fixed and could de facto change, regardless of the type of the performed work (qualified or unqualified). As a result, all these sources and evidence allow us to state that the period of industrialization and modernization provided for women (though not significant) a space for opportunities to realize their own work.

Gender Stereotypes, Occupational Roles, and Beliefs About Part-Time Employees

1986 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 252-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice H. Eagly ◽  
Valerie J. Steffen
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Social Roles ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Occupational Roles ◽  
The Social ◽  
Female Part ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Male Part ◽  
Full Time Employment

Subjects' beliefs about the communion and agency of part-time employees were compared with their beliefs about the communion and agency of homemakers, full-time employees, and persons without an occupational description. Female part-time employees were believed to be more communal and less agentic than female full-time employees as well as less communal than female homemakers. Male part-time employees were believed to be less agentic than male full-time employees as well as less communal and less agentic than both male homemakers and men without an occupational description. In addition, subjects believed that part-time employment is associated with different life situations for women and men. For women this situation is substantial commitment to domestic duties, whereas for men it is difficulty in finding full-time employment. These findings support the theory that stereotypes concerning the communion and agency of women and men are a product of the social roles that women and men have been observed to occupy.

Should diagonal discrimination claims be allowed?

Legal Studies ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gareth Davies
Keyword(s):  
European Community ◽  
Muslim Women ◽  
Community Law ◽  
Legal Challenge ◽  
Legal Problems ◽  
The People ◽  
Indirect Discrimination ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Male Part

Sometimes a rule is formally equal, but the people disadvantaged by it are in fact disproportionately of a particular sex, or colour, or religion. They may be able to bring a legal challenge to the rule, on the basis that it discriminates against them indirectly; because part-time workers are disproportionately female, rules disadvantaging part-time workers have been found to be indirect discrimination against women. However, what about the male part-time worker? Can he bring no challenge? It is the nature of indirect discrimination that there will always he such atypical victims. They are persons who suffer the harm of the rule, but cannot claim that it discriminates against persons their sex, or colour, or religion. They might he the straight man disadvantaged by a rule that overwhelmingly hinders gay people, or the Christian suffering from a rule that mostly prejudices Muslims. If these ‘minority discriminees’ cannot sue, while their colleagues of a different sort can, then a new context of discrimination arises. This raises a number of surprisingly complex practical and theoretical legal problems. In the light of new European Community directives dramatically increasing the categories of prohibited indirect discrimination those problems have become more immediate. This article therefore looks at Community law, and UK arid US cases, to answer the question above. It also extrapolates the problem to multiple discrimination situations: what about a rule tending to disadvantage Muslim women, but also harming their few non-Muslim male colleagues?

scholarly journals Work-Time, Male-Breadwinning and the Division of Domestic Labour: Male Part-Time and Full-Time Workers in Unsettled Times

Sociology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 003803852110196
Author(s):  
Tracey Warren
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Work ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Work Time ◽  
Time Diversity ◽  
Significant Phenomenon ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Male Part ◽  
Domestic Labour ◽  
The Uk

The majority of male workers spend full-time hours in the labour market while part-time employment is heavily female dominated. A decade of economic unrest in the UK following the recession of 2008–2009 was accompanied by a considerable expansion in the numbers of men working part-time. Growing male part-time employment is a significant phenomenon, with potential for narrowing gender inequalities in ways of working, inside and outside the home. Applying a gendered lens to men’s working lives, the article focuses upon the ramifications of this growing male work-time diversity. Unsettled times can create the circumstances for opening up acceptable behaviours, for ‘undoing’ gender roles. The financial circumstances of male part- and full-timers, and men’s engagement in unpaid domestic work, are compared. Part-time jobs are associated with more financial hardship than are full-time, but they offer up the potential for narrowing gender inequality in the sharing of core domestic work tasks.

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