Welfare states in OECD countries took a long time to develop

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Long Time

The importance of cooperation of tourism organizations at the regional level

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janka Beresecká ◽  
Veronika Svetlíková
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Economic Significance ◽  
Regional Tourism ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Relationship

According to the results from OECD countries, the position of the tourism sector in Slovakia has been unfavourable for a long time. Tourism in Slovakia is managed in a decentralized way, which is legally and financially supported in certain forms. Support is largely conditional on cooperation. Such an example is the support of the creation and activities of regional tourism organizations. In this paper, we will examine the economic significance and justification of cooperation among entities that are members of regional tourism organizations, by determining the relationship between the number of these organizations and the amount of revenue divided into four categories at the regional level. In this work we used multiple regression and correlation analysis. Based on their results, we identified the performance of companies according to the categories of achieved revenues. The results suggest that the most productive companies are companies with revenues ranging from 100000-500000 Euros per year. The paper also offers a framework of questions for further research related to sector governance, as well as an awareness of the importance and significance of cooperation.

scholarly journals Welfare-State Retrenchment Revisited: Entitlement Cuts, Public Sector Restructuring, and Inegalitarian Trends in Advanced Capitalist Societies

1998 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Clayton ◽  
Jonas Pontusson
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Social Spending ◽  
Welfare Programs ◽  
Political Consequences ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Welfare State ◽  
Advanced Capitalist

In recent years it has become commonplace for comparativists to emphasize the resilience of welfare states in advanced capitalist societies and the failure of neoliberal efforts to dismantle the welfare state. Challenging some tenets of the resilience thesis, this article seeks to broaden the discussion of welfare-state retrenchment. The authors argue that a sharp deceleration of social spending has occurred in most OECD countries since 1980, that welfare states have failed to offset the rise of market-generated inequality and insecurity, and that welfare programs have become less universalistic. They stress the distributive and political consequences of market-oriented reforms of the public sector.

scholarly journals The Age-Orientation of Social Policy Regimes in OECD Countries

2001 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
JULIA LYNCH
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Policy Outcomes ◽  
Social Policies ◽  
Demographic Structure ◽  
Policy Regimes ◽  
Education And Health

This article presents a series of measures of the extent to which social policies in twenty-one OECD countries are oriented towards the support of elderly (over 65 or in formal retirement) and non-elderly (under 65 and not retired) population groups. Employing breakdowns by age in spending on social insurance, education and health, tax expenditures on welfare substituting goods, and housing policy outcomes, this article shows that countries tend to demonstrate a consistent age-orientation across a variety of policy areas and instruments. After correcting for the demographic structure of the population, Greece, Japan, Italy, Spain and the United States have the most elderly-oriented social policy regimes, while the Netherlands, Ireland, Canada and the Nordic countries have a more age-neutral repertoire of social policies. In identifying the age-orientation of social policy as a dimension of distributive politics that is not captured by other welfare state typologies, this article suggests the need to develop new accounts of the development of welfare states that include the dimension of age.

scholarly journals Unterentwickelter Risikokapitalmarkt und geringe Beschäftigungsdynamik: Zwei Seiten derselben Medaille im strukturellen Wandel?

2002 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ansgar Belke ◽  
Rainer Fehn
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Venture Capital ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Market Performance ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Labor Market Rigidities ◽  
Venture Capital Investments

AbstractLabor market performance has differed considerably between OECD countries over the last two decades. The focus of the literature so far has been to ask whether these differences can be explained by varying degrees of labor market rigidities and generosity of welfare states. This paper takes a different perspective and analyzes whether differences in venture capital investments have explanatory power with respect to labor market performance across countries and over time. In particular, the Anglo-Saxon countries have been relatively successful over the last two decades in producing employment growth and in reducing unemployment compared to most continental European OECD countries. As a rule they have also been and are still ahead in developing thriving venture capital markets that are often deemed crucial for the creation of new firms and for successfully managing the ongoing radical structural change away from traditional industrial production toward the so-called “new economy”.

scholarly journals Management of Innovations in Finance Education: Cluster Analysis for OECD Countries

2020 ◽  
pp. 235-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bohuslava Mihalcova ◽  
Peter Gallo ◽  
Jozef Lukac
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Financial Literacy ◽  
Financial Education ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Vocational Education And Training ◽  
School Students ◽  
Personal Finances ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Market Needs

Financial literacy and financial education is a concept that helps people in orientation in both the financial markets and the area of personal finances. Financial literacy can be acknowledged through financial education. Financial education should enable individuals to develop their decision-making competencies. It includes issues such are the understanding of money, how to deal with them within the risk of their investment. The issue of financial literacy for primary and secondary school students has been monitored over a long time through several evaluations. In this case, it is very well known the PISA rating, which was lastly performed in the first half of 2018. It represents the ability of how to use skills and knowledge in managing one’s financial resources while achieving maximum prosperity. Financial education should enable individuals to develop their decision-making competencies related to money. The paper aims to perform a cluster analysis based on the data available from the PISA 2015 measurement in selected OECD countries. The analysis represents results in a cluster of countries. The study analysed of financial literacy 15-year-olds students. The study observed similar research results in both the area of financial literacy and mathematical literacy. From the selected PISA 2015 test results applied through cluster analysis, we decided that the Slovak students were placed in a cluster together with students from Spain, Chile and Lithuania. The study observed the quality of vocational education and training is criticized mainly by employers because the area of education is inadequately responsive to labour market needs. Employee stress that it is inadequately linked to practice. Vocational training is inadequate compared to general schools. The methodology we recommend should also be applied to the results of the PISA 2018 evaluation, which are not yet available to the public. We would like to address this issue in future. The cluster analysis helps to reveal competitiveness in the area of financial literacy. The results of our research within Slovak students were based on a similar level of financial literacy among Slovak pupils as in Spain, Chile and Lithuania. Keywords cluster analysis, financial literacy, PISA, pupils, OECD countries, Slovakia.

scholarly journals What Do You Fear? Anti-immigrant Sentiment in Latin America

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 236-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Covadonga Meseguer ◽  
Achim Kemmerling
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Market Competition ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Predictive Capacity ◽  
Skill Composition

In this article, we study the material determinants of anti-immigrant sentiment in Latin America. Based on new data on immigration to non-Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries, we use the workhorse distributive theories that anticipate who wins and who loses from immigration and test their predictive capacity in labor-abundant countries. We exploit the variation in regional immigration rates, in the skill composition of natives versus migrants, and in the relative generosity of Latin American welfare states. We find that fears of labor-market competition are weak predictors of anti-immigrant sentiment. In contrast, fears of greater tax burdens are strong and robust predictors of anti-immigrant sentiment. We conclude that studying Latin American public opinion opens new avenues for theorizing about anti-immigrant sentiment in developing countries.

scholarly journals Do International Organizations Influence Domestic Policy Outcomes in OECD Countries?

2020 ◽  
pp. 69-86
Author(s):  
Linda A. White
Keyword(s):  
International Organizations ◽  
Family Policy ◽  
National Level ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Domestic Policy ◽  
Policy Outcomes ◽  
Policy Actors ◽  
Policy Ideas ◽  
Global North

AbstractThis chapter examines to what extent policy ideas and norms promoted at the transnational and international level around gender and family policy are influential at the domestic policy level in OECD countries. Existing research demonstrates a mixed record in terms of transnational and international non-state actors’ influence on domestic policy in the Global North. This chapter argues that international norms are diffusing to domestic policy actors and processes rather unevenly. While international organizations (IOs) and transnational advocates can facilitate the spread of ideas of best practices around gender equality in general and family policy in particular, for liberal welfare states (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, UK, USA), IOs are still less authoritative than the national level when it comes to on-the-ground policymaking.

200kv superconducting cryo electron microscope

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 642-643
Author(s):  
M. Iwatsuki ◽  
Y. Kokubo ◽  
Y. Harada ◽  
J. Lehman
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Structure Analysis ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Strong Interactions ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Great Effort ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Crystal Fields ◽  
Special Skill ◽  
Long Time

In recent years, the electron microscope has been significantly improved in resolution and we can obtain routinely atomic-level high resolution images without any special skill. With this improvement, the structure analysis of organic materials has become one of the interesting targets in the biological and polymer crystal fields.Up to now, X-ray structure analysis has been mainly used for such materials. With this method, however, great effort and a long time are required for specimen preparation because of the need for larger crystals. This method can analyze average crystal structure but is insufficient for interpreting it on the atomic or molecular level. The electron microscopic method for organic materials has not only the advantage of specimen preparation but also the capability of providing various information from extremely small specimen regions, using strong interactions between electrons and the substance. On the other hand, however, this strong interaction has a big disadvantage in high radiation damage.

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