Subsidies, intermediate consumption and wages make up most of the subnational current expenditure

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Intermediate Consumption

scholarly journals Energy Efficiency Measurement: A VO TFEE Approach and Its Application

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1605
Author(s):  
Shuangjie Li ◽  
Hongyu Diao ◽  
Liming Wang ◽  
Chunqi Li
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Textile Industry ◽  
Sustainable Development Goals ◽  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Emissions Reduction ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Intermediate Consumption ◽  
Desirable Output ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

Energy efficiency is crucial to the 2030 UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), but its widely measured indicator, energy intensity, is still insufficient. For this reason, in 2006, total factor energy efficiency (TFEE) was proposed with capital, labor, and energy as inputs and GDP as the desirable output. The later TFEE approach further incorporated pollution as the undesirable output. However, it is problematic to regard GDP (the total value of final products) as the desirable output, because GDP does not include the intermediate consumption, which accounts for a large part of the production activities and may even be larger than the value of GDP. GDP is more suitable for measuring distribution, while VO (value of output) is more appropriate for sustainable production analysis. Therefore, we propose a VO TFEE approach that takes VO as the desirable output instead and correspondingly incorporates the other intermediate materials and services except energy into inputs. Finally, the empirical analysis of the textile industry of EU member states during 2011–2017 indicates that the VO TFEE approach is more stable and convergent in measuring energy efficiency, and is more suitable for helping policymakers achieve the SDGs of energy saving, emissions reduction, and sustainable economic development.

scholarly journals Value Added from the Perspective of Econophysics

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 137-152
Author(s):  
Ihor Hurnyak ◽  
Nataliya Struk ◽  
Aleksandra Kordonska
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Economic Value Added ◽  
Accounts Receivable ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Accounts Payable ◽  
Intermediate Consumption ◽  
Economic Forces ◽  
Business Efficiency

The production, or value added, approach to GDP involves calculating an industry or sector’s output and subtracting its intermediate consumption (the goods and services used to produce the output) to derive its value added. The value added at the macro level depends on business efficiency. It reflects an increase in value that a business creates by undertaking the production process. We assumed that the market creates thousands of vibrating energies, coming from other enterprises, with different frequencies. The purpose of this article is to verify whether the econophysics approach could be successfully used to assess a business from the perspective of the interaction between economic forces. Thus, we propose that the term ‘value added’ be understood as a certain amount of accumulated energy of enterprises that comes from the interaction of basic economic forces and economic vibrating forces of accounting. Using regression models, we show the influence of basic forces, like debt and the stock market, and vibrating ones (i.e., accounts payable, accounts receivable, inventory) on the economic value added by testing US, European, and emerging markets. We confirmed the relevance and appropriateness of the econophysics approach to estimating the economic value added.

scholarly journals Zmiany wartości zużytych nawozów i środków ochrony roślin w krajach Unii Europejskiej w latach 2010-2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 20(35) (1) ◽  
pp. 78-87
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Zalewski
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Plant Protection Products ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Intermediate Consumption ◽  
Agricultural Means Of Production ◽  
The Given ◽  
Clear Increase ◽  
Ward Method ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Means Of Production

Currently, agricultural means of production are of great importance in agribusiness, in particular mineral fertilizers and chemical plant protection products. The article attempts to present and compare changes in the value of used fertilizers and plant protection products in European Union countries in 2010-2018. Changes in the value of used fertilizers and plant protection products per 1 ha of UAA and changes in the share of these means of production in intermediate consumption were examined. It was found that the value of used fertilizers and plant protection products per 1 ha of UAA increased on average in the EU. Their share in intermediate consumption also increased. As a result of grouping objects using the Ward method, 4 clusters of countries were obtained, which differed in terms of the proposed features, while the countries that created the given cluster were characterized by similar values of variables. The countries where both a clear increase in the value of used fertilizers and plant protection products per unit area as well as a significant increase in their value in intermediate consumption were observed: Lithuania, Bulgaria and Estonia. However, a decline in demand for the discussed means of production occurred in Belgium, Croatia, Slovenia, Denmark, Finland and Portugal.

Intestinal fat differentially suppresses sham feeding of different gustatory stimuli

1996 ◽  
Vol 270 (5) ◽  
pp. R1122-R1125 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Foster ◽  
K. Nakamura ◽  
D. Greenberg ◽  
R. Norgren
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Period ◽  
Liquid Diet ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Total Consumption ◽  
Sham Feeding ◽  
Entire Experimental Period ◽  
Intermediate Consumption ◽  
Complete Diet ◽  
Bottle Test ◽  
High Concentrations

To determine the intestinal contribution to short-term satiety for solutions of varying palatability, 10 ml of either 0.15 M NaCl or lipid (Intralipid: 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 kcal/ml) was infused at a rate of 0.5 ml/min into the duodenum of rats that were sham feeding either a liquid diet (0.5 kcal/ml), 0.3 M sucrose (0.4 kcal/ml), or a 0.1 M solution of glucose polymers (Polycose 0.4 kcal/ml). Differences in palatability were estimated by the total consumption of each solution over 90 min in a one-bottle test. The intake of solutions maximally ingested during the saline infusions (Polycose > Sucrose > liquid diet) was the most sensitive to the lipid infusions. All four lipid concentrations suppressed intake of Polycose, the solution consumed the most; the three highest concentrations suppressed intake of sucrose (intermediate consumption), and only the two highest concentrations suppressed intake of the complete diet, the solution consumed the least. Nevertheless, the duration of suppression was shorter for the solutions the rats drank the most. For the solution the rats drank the least (liquid diet), the two high concentrations of lipid that suppressed intake did so for the entire experimental period, whereas for Polycose, al lipid infusions suppressed intake, but it recovered to control levels for all but the highest concentration. Other studies have reported that increasing diet palatability shortens the duration of satiety. The current results suggest that this effect may reflect the duration of intake suppression elicited by nutrients in the intestine.

How does intermediate consumption affect GVC positions? - A comparison between China and US

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 101531
Author(s):  
Feng Dai ◽  
Ruixiang Liu ◽  
Hao Guo ◽  
Xiuhong Du
Keyword(s):  
Intermediate Consumption

scholarly journals Legendre Transform-Dual Solution for a Class of Investment and Consumption Problems with HARA Utility

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Chang ◽  
Xi-min Rong
Keyword(s):  
Absolute Risk ◽  
Optimal Investment ◽  
Dynamic Programming Principle ◽  
Legendre Transform ◽  
Power Utility ◽  
Transform Method ◽  
Intermediate Consumption ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Hara Utility ◽  
Optimal Investment And Consumption

This paper provides a Legendre transform method to deal with a class of investment and consumption problems, whose objective function is to maximize the expected discount utility of intermediate consumption and terminal wealth in the finite horizon. Assume that risk preference of the investor is described by hyperbolic absolute risk aversion (HARA) utility function, which includes power utility, exponential utility, and logarithm utility as special cases. The optimal investment and consumption strategy for HARA utility is explicitly obtained by applying dynamic programming principle and Legendre transform technique. Some special cases are also discussed.

scholarly journals Portfolio Theory forα-Symmetric and Pseudoisotropic Distributions:k-Fund Separation and the CAPM

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils Chr. Framstad
Keyword(s):  
Asset Pricing ◽  
Dynamic Models ◽  
Capital Asset Pricing ◽  
Pricing Model ◽  
Capital Asset ◽  
Investment Opportunity ◽  
Multivariate Distributions ◽  
Asset Pricing Model ◽  
Intermediate Consumption ◽  
Secondary Interest

The shifted pseudoisotropic multivariate distributions are shown to satisfy Ross’ stochastic dominance criterion for two-fund monetary separation in the case with risk-free investment opportunity and furthermore to admit the Capital Asset Pricing Model under an embedding inLαcondition if1<α≤2, with the betas given in an explicit form. For theα-symmetric subclass, the market without risk-free investment opportunity admits2d-fund separation ifα=1+1/(2d-1),d∈N, generalizing the classical elliptical cased=1, and we also give the precise number of funds needed, from which it follows that we cannot, except degenerate cases, have a CAPM without risk-free opportunity. For the symmetric stable subclass, the index of stability is only of secondary interest, and several common restrictions in terms of that index can be weakened by replacing it by the (no smaller) indices of symmetry/of embedding. Finally, dynamic models with intermediate consumption inherit the separation properties of the static models.

scholarly journals Socio-economic, demographic, lifestyle and health characteristics associated with consumption of fatty-sweetened and fatty-salted foods in middle-aged French adults

2010 ◽  
Vol 105 (5) ◽  
pp. 776-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Méjean ◽  
Pauline Macouillard ◽  
Katia Castetbon ◽  
Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot ◽  
Serge Hercberg
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
High Consumption ◽  
Intermediate Consumption ◽  
Dietary Records ◽  
Effective Public Health

Few studies have specifically focused on characteristics associated with consumption of combined fatty-salted and fatty-sweetened foods, whereas their identification could be useful for defining effective public health measures. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between demographic, socio-economic, lifestyle and health characteristics and consumption of these types of food in a general sample of French adults. Dietary intake was assessed using a minimum of six 24 h dietary records collected over a 2-year period in 6240 subjects aged 35–60 years who participated in the Supplémentation en VItamines Minéraux et AntioXydants cohort study. Associations of individual characteristics with high and intermediate consumption of fatty-sweetened and fatty-salted foods were assessed using multivariate polytomic logistic regression models. Risk of moderate or high consumption of fatty-salted foods decreased with increasing age. Current smokers, drinkers, individuals with overweight and with hypertension were more likely to consume moderate or high amounts of such foods. Risk of moderate or high consumption of fatty-sweetened foods decreased with increasing age. Women, individuals living as a couple, moderate drinkers and persons with low or medium physical activity level were more likely to consume moderate or high amounts of such foods. Lower educated subjects, current smokers, heavy drinkers and individuals with severe hypertriacylglycerolaemia were less likely to have moderate or high consumption. Consumption of fatty-sweetened and fatty-salted foods varied according to demographic, lifestyle and health characteristics. Common unhealthy behaviours such as smoking, low physical activity and alcohol drinking, associated with high consumption of these food groups, may help to effectively target public health efforts.

scholarly journals Optimal investment with intermediate consumption under no unbounded profit with bounded risk

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 710-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huy N. Chau ◽  
Andrea Cosso ◽  
Claudio Fontana ◽  
Oleksii Mostovyi
Keyword(s):  
Utility Maximization ◽  
Optimal Investment ◽  
Incomplete Market ◽  
Value Functions ◽  
Stochastic Field ◽  
Intermediate Consumption ◽  
Bounded Risk ◽  
Primal And Dual

Abstract We consider the problem of optimal investment with intermediate consumption in a general semimartingale model of an incomplete market, with preferences being represented by a utility stochastic field. We show that the key conclusions of the utility maximization theory hold under the assumptions of no unbounded profit with bounded risk and of the finiteness of both primal and dual value functions.

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