World reference prices for meat -rising in nominal, but falling in real terms

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Reference Prices

Applying the peak‐end rule to reference prices

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 260-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter De Maeyer ◽  
Hooman Estelami
Keyword(s):  
Reference Prices

Cue-less consumers in factory outlet stores: reference price effects on consumer evaluations when semantic phrases are missing

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 415-426
Author(s):  
Jay P. Carlson ◽  
Larry D. Compeau
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Consumer Evaluations ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Consumer Responses ◽  
Semantic Cues ◽  
Reference Prices ◽  
Price Effects ◽  
The Common ◽  
To Come

Purpose Prior research has demonstrated that reference prices can affect consumer responses, but the reference prices examined have been presented along with semantic cues [e.g. manufacturer’s suggested retail price (MSRP) and Compare At]. This study is unique in investigating the effects of reference prices that do not include a semantic cue (i.e. “cue-less”) on consumers’ responses. It also studies consumers’ beliefs about factory outlet stores, a seldom-studied store type in which cue-less reference prices are used. Design/methodology/approach One qualitative study and one experiment were carried out in this research. Findings The qualitative study revealed that a price tag including cue-less reference prices was unlikely to be viewed as a seller mistake or with suspicion, but nonetheless did confuse some respondents. The experiment demonstrated that while consumers find cue-less reference prices to be somewhat less believable that high MSRPs, these beliefs do not appear to come into play when consumers judge attractiveness (e.g. perceived value). Additionally, the results suggest that consumers believe that a product available for sale in a factory outlet store is likely to have been previously available at a different type of store. Originality/value This research advances the theory of the effects of reference prices on consumers’ responses by examining the common practice of not labeling reference prices with semantic cues. It also extends the literature regarding consumer beliefs about factory outlet stores.

The Effect of Plausible and Exaggerated Reference Prices on Consumer Perceptions and Price Search

1988 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel E. Urbany ◽  
William O. Bearden ◽  
Dan C. Weilbaker
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Perceptions ◽  
Price Search ◽  
Reference Prices

Dynamic pricing decisions by potential tourists under uncertainty: The effects of tourism advertising

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongjuan Song ◽  
Yushi Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Pricing ◽  
Reference Price ◽  
Risk Preferences ◽  
Uncertain Information ◽  
Informative Advertising ◽  
Pricing Decisions ◽  
Tourism Advertising ◽  
Reference Prices ◽  
Current Price ◽  
Advertising Exposure

The aim of this study is to examine the advertising information learning processes of potential tourists and observe how potential tourists sequentially adjust their perceived reference prices and purchase intentions with different risk preferences and choices with respect to gains (the current price is lower than the consumer’s reference price) or losses (the current price is higher than the reference price). In this study, a Bayesian experiment was conducted to elicit reference prices in the presence of tourism advertising with uncertain information. The findings show that with respect to gains, risk avoiders do not reduce their reference prices as significantly as do risk seekers when exposed to price-informative advertising. Exposure to image advertising changes potential tourists’ risk preferences, and the reference price drops more significantly for risk avoiders than for risk seekers. With respect to losses, informative and image advertising impact the reference price for participants with different risk preferences but not at a statistically significant level.

Article 8 Reference prices

2011 ◽  
pp. 67-74
Author(s):  
Friedrich Erlbacher ◽  
Rudolf Moegele
Keyword(s):  
Reference Prices

scholarly journals Prices of medicines for the management of pain, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases in private pharmacies and the national health insurance in Tanzania

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rashid Bakari Kirua ◽  
Mary Justin Temu ◽  
Amani Thomas Mori
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
National Health Insurance ◽  
National Health ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
High Price ◽  
Sign Test ◽  
Insurance Fund ◽  
Reference Prices ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background High price is a major challenge limiting access to essential medicines especially among the poorest families in developing countries. The study aims to compare the prices of medicines used in the management of pain, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases in private pharmacies and the National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF) in Tanzania. Pharmacy prices were also compared with the prices of medicines surveyed nationally by WHO/HAI in 2012. Method This cross-sectional study was conducted in Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, Dodoma, and Kilimanjaro regions from February to April 2015. Data were collected from 33 private pharmacies, NHIF and, the HAI database. The study used the WHO/HAI methodology. The analysis was done using non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis and post-hoc pair-wise comparison Dunn test, while a possible change in prices between our survey and 2012 WHO/HAI national survey data was tested using a Sign test in Stata version 16.1. Results Twenty-eight essential medicines, of which 9 are used for management of pain, 7 for diabetes, and 12 for cardiovascular diseases were analyzed. There was a significant difference in the mean pharmacy prices of some medicines between the regions and between the pharmacies and NHIF reference prices. NHIF reference prices were higher than the pharmacy prices for 16 of the 28 medicines. There was a significant increase in the prices of 5 out of the 8 medicines that were also nationally surveyed by the WHO/HAI in 2012. Conclusion The study found that medicine prices in private pharmacies vary a lot between the study regions, which raises equity concerns. Also, there was a significant difference between the pharmacy and the NHIF reimbursement prices, which may expose patients to fraudulent co-payments or hinder timely access to prescribed medicines. Therefore, effective price control policies and regulations for medicines are warranted in Tanzania.

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