Estimates of velocity structure and source depth using multiple P waves from aftershocks of the 1987 Elmore Ranch and Superstition Hills, California, earthquakes

1991 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 508-523
Author(s):  
Jim Mori
Keyword(s):  
Velocity Structure ◽  
Velocity Model ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Sediment Layer ◽  
Source Depth ◽  
Imperial Valley ◽  
P Waves ◽  
Main Shocks ◽  
Aftershock Sequences ◽  
Event Record

Abstract Event record sections, which are constructed by plotting seismograms from many closely spaced earthquakes recorded on a few stations, show multiple free-surface reflections (PP, PPP, PPPP) of the P wave in the Imperial Valley, California. The relative timing of these arrivals is used to estimate the strength of the P-wave velocity gradient within the upper 5 km of the sediment layer. Consistent with previous studies, a velocity model with a value of 1.8 km/sec at the surface increasing linearly to 5.8 km/sec at a depth of 5.5 km fits the data well. The relative amplitudes of the P and PP arrivals are used to estimate the source depth for the aftershock distributions of the Elmore Ranch and Superstition Hills main shocks. Although the depth determination has large uncertainties, both the Elmore Ranch and Superstition Hills aftershock sequences appear to have similar depth distribution in the range of 4 to 10 km.

3D Fault Structure Inferred from a Refined Aftershock Catalog for the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake in Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masumi Yamada ◽  
Thakur Kandel ◽  
Koji Tamaribuchi ◽  
Abhijit Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Velocity Structure ◽  
Complex Geometry ◽  
Slip Surface ◽  
Hanging Wall ◽  
Velocity Model ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Gorkha Earthquake ◽  
Hypocenter Determination ◽  
The North ◽  
2015 Gorkha Earthquake

ABSTRACT In this article, we created a well-resolved aftershock catalog for the 2015 Gorkha earthquake in Nepal by processing 11 months of continuous data using an automatic onset and hypocenter determination procedure. Aftershocks were detected by the NAMASTE temporary seismic network that is densely distributed covering the rupture area and became fully operational about 50 days after the mainshock. The catalog was refined using a joint hypocenter determination technique and an optimal 1D velocity model with station correction factors determined simultaneously. We found around 15,000 aftershocks with the magnitude of completeness of ML 2. Our catalog shows that there are two large aftershock clusters along the north side of the Gorkha–Pokhara anticlinorium and smaller shallow aftershock clusters in the south. The patterns of aftershock distribution in the northern and southern clusters reflect the complex geometry of the Main Himalayan thrust. The aftershocks are located both on the slip surface and through the entire hanging wall. The 1D velocity structure obtained from this study is almost constant at a P-wave velocity (VP) of 6.0  km/s for a depth of 0–20 km, similar to VP of the shallow continental crust.

Crustal velocity structure in the southern Coast Belt, British Columbia

1993 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 2389-2403 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. O'Leary ◽  
R. M. Clowes ◽  
R. M. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Upper Mantle ◽  
Velocity Structure ◽  
Seismic Refraction ◽  
Velocity Model ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Crust And Upper Mantle ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Collision Zone ◽  
Refraction Data

We applied an iterative combination of two-dimensional traveltime inversion and amplitude forward modelling to seismic refraction data along a 350 km along-strike profile in the Coast Belt of the southern Canadian Cordillera to determine crust and upper mantle P-wave velocity structure. The crustal model features a thin (0.5–3.0 km) near-surface layer with an average velocity of 4.4 km/s, and upper-, middle-, and lower-crustal strata which are each approximately 10 km thick and have velocities ranging from 6.2 to 6.7 km/s. The Moho appears as a 2 km thick transitional layer with an average depth of 35 km and overlies an upper mantle with a poorly constrained velocity of over 8 km/s. Other interpretations indicate that this profile lies within a collision zone between the Insular superterrane and the ancient North American margin and propose two collision-zone models: (i) crustal delamination, whereby the Insular superterrane was displaced along east-vergent faults over the terranes below; and (ii) crustal wedging, in which interfingering of Insular rocks occurs throughout the crust. The latter model involves thick layers of Insular material beneath the Coast Belt profile, but crustal velocities indicate predominantly non-Insular material, thereby favoring the crustal delamination model. Comparisons of the velocity model with data from the proximate reflection lines show that the top of the Moho transition zone corresponds with the reflection Moho. Comparisons with other studies suggest that likely sources for intracrustal wide-angle reflections observed in the refraction data are structural features, lithological contrasts, and transition zones surrounding a region of layered porosity in the crust.

scholarly journals Traces of the crustal units and the upper mantle structure in the southwestern part of the East European Craton

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 985-1021
Author(s):  
I. Janutyte ◽  
E. Kozlovskaya ◽  
M. Majdanski ◽  
P. H. Voss ◽  
M. Budraitis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Upper Mantle ◽  
Velocity Model ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Seismic Velocities ◽  
P Waves ◽  
Teleseismic Tomography ◽  
East European ◽  
Seismic Experiment ◽  
Passive Seismic ◽  
Synthetic Datasets

Abstract. The presented study is a part of the passive seismic experiment PASSEQ 2006–2008 which took place around the Trans-European Suture Zone (TESZ) from May 2006 to June 2008. The dataset of 4195 manually picked arrivals of teleseismic P waves of 101 earthquakes (EQs) recorded in the PASSEQ seismic stations deployed to the east of the TESZ was inverted using the non-linear teleseismic tomography algorithm TELINV. Two 3-D crustal models were used to estimate the crustal travel time (TT) corrections. As a result, we obtained a model of P wave velocity variations in the upper mantle beneath the TESZ and the EEC. In the study area beneath the craton we observed 5 to 6.5% higher and beneath the TESZ about 4% lower seismic velocities compared to the IASP91 velocity model. We found the seismic lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB) beneath the TESZ at a depth of about 180 km, while we observed no seismic LAB beneath the EEC. The inversion results obtained with the real and the synthetic datasets indicated a ramp shape of the LAB in the northern TESZ where we observed values of seismic velocities close to those of the craton down to about 150 km. The lithosphere thickness in the EEC increases going from the TESZ to the NE from about 180 km beneath Poland to 300 km or more beneath Lithuania. Moreover, in western Lithuania we possibly found an upper mantle dome. In our results the crustal units are not well resolved. There are no clear indications of the features in the upper mantle which could be related with the crustal units in the study area. On the other hand, at a depth of 120–150 km we possibly found a trace of a boundary of proposed palaeosubduction zone between the East Lithuanian Domain (EL) and the West Lithuanian Granulite Domain (WLG). Also, in our results we may have identified two anorogenic granitoid plutons.

Spectral and magnitude characteristics of anomalous Eurasian earthquakes

1977 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 463-478
Author(s):  
So Gu Kim ◽  
Otto W. Nuttli
Keyword(s):  
Focal Mechanism ◽  
Rayleigh Waves ◽  
Main Shock ◽  
Focal Depth ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Wave Spectra ◽  
P Waves ◽  
Aftershock Sequences ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Amplitude Spectra

Abstract A number of main shock-aftershock sequences in the Eurasian interior contain some aftershocks whose mb:MS values are close to those of underground explosions. This paper is concerned with a study of the amplitude spectra of the P waves and Rayleigh waves for earthquakes of those main shock-aftershock sequences. It is found that for any given sequence studied, there is little if any variation in focal depth or focal mechanism. This rules out variations in these quantities as being the cause of anomalous mb:MS values. A study of the P-wave spectra establishes that one or both of the corner periods of anomalous earthquakes are smaller than those of non-anomalous earthquakes of the same moment. Thus the cause of anomalous mb:MS values of the earthquakes studied is a relative enrichment of the short-period portion of the spectrum of the anomalous events, which cannot be attributed to focal depth or focal mechanism.

Crustal velocity structure beneath the NW Dinarides from 1-D hypocenter-velocity inversion

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregor Rajh ◽  
Josip Stipčević ◽  
Mladen Živčić ◽  
Marijan Herak ◽  
Andrej Gosar
Keyword(s):  
Velocity Structure ◽  
Velocity Model ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Depth Range ◽  
Velocity Inversion ◽  
Arrival Times ◽  
Simultaneous Inversion ◽  
Velocity Modeling ◽  
Velocity Models ◽  
Station Corrections

<p>The investigated area of the NW Dinarides is bordered by the Adriatic foreland, the Southern Alps, and the Pannonian basin at the NE corner of the Adriatic Sea. Its complex crustal structure is the result of interactions among different tectonic units. Despite numerous seismic studies taking place in this region, there still exists a need for a detailed, smaller scale study focusing mainly on the brittle part of the Earth's crust. Therefore, we decided to investigate the velocity structure of the crust using concepts of local earthquake tomography (LET) and minimum 1-D velocity model. Here, we present the results of the 1-D velocity modeling and the catalogue of the relocated seismicity. A minimum 1-D velocity model is computed by simultaneous inversion for hypocentral and velocity parameters together with seismic station corrections and represents the best fit to the observed arrival times.</p><p>We used 15,579 routinely picked P wave arrival times from 631 well-located earthquakes that occurred in Slovenia and in its immediate surroundings (mainly NW Croatia). Various initial 1-D velocity models, differing in velocity and layering, were used as input for velocity inversion in the VELEST program. We also varied several inversion parameters during the inversion runs. Most of the computed 1-D velocity models converged to a stable solution in the depth range between 0 and 25 km. We evaluated the inversion results using rigorous testing procedures and selected two best performing velocity models. Each of these models will be used independently as the initial model in the simultaneous hypocenter-velocity inversion for a 3-D velocity structure in LET. Based on the results of the 1-D velocity modeling, seismicity distribution, and tectonics, we divided the study area into three parts, redefined the earthquake-station geometry, and performed the inversion for each part separately. This way, we gained a better insight into the shallow velocity structure of each subregion and were able to demonstrate the differences among them.</p><p>Besides general structural implications and a potential to improve the results of LET, the new 1-D velocity models along with station corrections can also be used in fast routine earthquake location and to detect systematic travel time errors in seismological bulletins, as already shown by some studies using similar methods.</p>

Velocity model building for a single-offset 3C VSP data via deformable-layer tomography: a Texas salt dome example

Geophysics ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-44
Author(s):  
Yukai Wo ◽  
Jingjing Zong ◽  
Hao Hu ◽  
Hua-Wei Zhou ◽  
Robert R. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Velocity Model ◽  
Salt Dome ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Velocity Variation ◽  
Shear Mode ◽  
P Waves ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Image Domain ◽  
Vsp Data ◽  
Geometric Variation

We have applied multiscale deformable-layer tomography (DLT) to build a laterally varying velocity model, using a single-offset vertical seismic profile (VSP) data set acquired for a salt proximity survey in southern Texas. The purpose of the VSP survey is to delineate the 2D salt flank using the P-wave reflections. Previous study has identified an anhydrate layer as the cap rock of the salt dome. The large impedance contrasts of this anhydrite layer generate strong downgoing P (sediment)-S (anhydrite)-P (salt) waves recorded by downhole geophones. Incidentally, the P-S-P-waves have similar traveltimes as those of the P-wave salt flank reflections, thus contaminating the imaging of the salt flank. Identifying shear-mode contamination requires an accurate velocity model of anhydrite. However, the extremely poor coverage of the single-offset VSP greatly challenges tomographic techniques to determine the lateral velocity variation. We tackle this problem using multiscale DLT, which characterizes the velocity field by a set of deformable layers. We constrain the layer velocities using the check-shot data and invert for the geometric variation. The inverted model indicates that the anhydrite layer has a “thick-thin-thick” lateral variation with offset, and the S-wave in the anhydrite layer helps in imaging the P-S-P-waves along the well track. The estimated anhydrite layer geometry is validated by the kinematic accuracies of P-waves in the data domain and P-S-P-waves in the image domain. Some in-salt dipping structures are determined by multiscale DLT as well. This field data example indicates that multiscale DLT is feasible for estimating velocities using VSP data of the single-offset situation. An accurate velocity model is the key for modeling and adaptive subtraction of the shear-mode contamination related to the salt geometry.

scholarly journals Imaging the Mediterranean upper mantle by p- wave travel time tomography

1997 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Piromallo ◽  
A. Morelli
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
Upper Mantle ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Velocity Model ◽  
Structural Heterogeneity ◽  
Linear Interpolation ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Travel Times ◽  
P Waves ◽  
Tectonic Lineament

Travel times of P-waves in the Euro-Mediterranean region show strong and consistent lateral variations, which can be associated to structural heterogeneity in the underlying crust and mantle. We analyze regional and tele- seismic data from the International Seismological Centre data base to construct a three-dimensional velocity model of the upper mantle. We parameterize the model by a 3D grid of nodes -with approximately 50 km spacing -with a linear interpolation law, which constitutes a three-dimensional continuous representation of P-wave velocity. We construct summary travel time residuals between pairs of cells of the Earth's surface, both inside our study area and -with a broader spacing -on the whole globe. We account for lower mantle heterogeneity outside the modeled region by using empirical corrections to teleseismic travel times. The tomo- graphic images show generai agreement with other seismological studies of this area, with apparently higher detail attained in some locations. The signature of past and present lithospheric subduction, connected to Euro- African convergence, is a prominent feature. Active subduction under the Tyrrhenian and Hellenic arcs is clearly imaged as high-velocity bodies spanning the whole upper mantle. A clear variation of the lithospheric structure beneath the Northem and Southern Apennines is observed, with the boundary running in correspon- dence of the Ortona-Roccamonfina tectonic lineament. The western section of the Alps appears to have better developed roots than the eastern, possibly reflecting à difference in past subduction of the Tethyan lithosphere and subsequent continental collision.

Estimating the Hypocenter and Mechanism of the August 15, 1991 Centre Hall, Pennsylvania Earthquake Using Single-Station Data

1992 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 541-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Clouser
Keyword(s):  
Wave Dispersion ◽  
Velocity Model ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Digital Data ◽  
Source Depth ◽  
Axis Orientation ◽  
Station Data ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Single Station ◽  
Back Azimuth

Abstract On August 15, 1991 a small (mbLg = 3.0) earthquake occurred near the town of Centre Hall, Pennsylvania. Based on early reports of felt effects and earthquake-generated sounds, the epicenter was placed somewhere ENE of State College, Pennsylvania. Three-component short-period digital data from the DWWSSN station SCP were analyzed to determine the hypocenter. Often, for small earthquakes in regions without dense seismic networks, information about an event must be obtained from single-station data. In this case, since no shallow velocity model exists for the area, simple ideas of wave propagation are invoked to estimate the distance and back-azimuth to the event. The horizontal P-wave particle motion constrained the back-azimuth, after calibrating the horizontal components by measuring the back-azimuth of quarry blast P-waves of known location. Distance determination was hampered by lack of a detailed upper crustal velocity model. Using iterative forward waveform modeling, a velocity model was generated that fit the observed S-minus-P and Rg-minus-P times and Rg-wave dispersion, and which was consistent with known upper crustal velocities in the area. A source depth of less than 1 km was inferred from the Rg-to-S ratio, the depth phase sP, and reports of earthquake-generated sounds. Estimates of the focal mechanism were obtained by a grid search procedure using Green’s functions computed with wavenumber integration for shear dislocation sources. Theoretical and observed amplitudes of sP, direct SH and SV (taken as ratios to the direct P), along with P polarity were compared for all possible combinations of strike, dip, and rake. Though fault plane orientation is poorly constrained, E-W to WNW-ESE P-axis orientation is a robust result of the search. Normal-faulting mechanisms are inconsistent with the data. However, the theoretical SV-to-P ratio is up to a factor of two larger than the observed ratio. This is probably related to an inadequate structure model and waveform sensitivity to source depth. Mechanism P-axis trends are consistent with other regional stress field indicators in the area.

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