Reply to H. R. Shifflett's “Comments on ‘Evaluation of the relation between near-surface geological units and ground response in the vicinity of Long Beach, California’”

1981 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 571-572
Author(s):  
A. M. Rogers ◽  
J. C. Tinsley ◽  
W. W. Hays ◽  
K. W. King
Keyword(s):  
Long Beach ◽  
Ground Response ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Geological Units

Evaluation of the relation between near-surface geological units and ground response in the vicinity of Long Beach, California

1979 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 1603-1622
Author(s):  
A. M. Rogers ◽  
J. C. Tinsley ◽  
W. W. Hays ◽  
K. W. King
Keyword(s):  
Strong Motion ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Peak Ground Velocity ◽  
Long Beach ◽  
Spectral Ratios ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Ground Response ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Short Period

abstract Simulataneous recordings of Nevada Test Site nuclear events were made at sites underlain by alluvium in the Long Beach, California, area and at sites underlain by rock in the Palos Verdes and Pasadena areas. These data show peak-ground-velocity alluvium-to-rock ratios as large as 7 and spectral ratios as high as 11 in the period band from 0.2 to 6 sec. Comparison of the low-strain nuclear-explosion data and the San Fernando earthquake strong-motion data at three sites indicates that the alluvium-to-rock spectral ratios derived from the nuclear explosions are similar to those derived from the earthquake. Significant trends exist in the short-period data, indicating higher ground response at sites underlain at the near-surface by materials that have high void ratios and lower ground response with increasing thickness of Quaternary deposits. These results suggest that the short-period response is primarily controlled both by near-surface low-velocity layers and by attenuation in the Quaternary sediments. Comparison of the data of this study with data collected in other areas indicates that the long-period response increase with either increasing depth to basement or with alluvium thickness, when this thickness is greater than 400 m. From previous theoretical studies and these results, ground response in the long-period band is related to those underlying geological structures and major velocity contrasts that control the development of surface waves.

scholarly journals 2-DIMENSIONAL GROUND RESPONSE ANALYSIS: A REVIEW

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-40
Author(s):  
Norazah Arjuna ◽  
Azlan Adnan ◽  
Nabilah Abu Bakar ◽  
Nabila Huda Aizon ◽  
Noor Sheena Herayani Harith
Keyword(s):  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Response Analysis ◽  
Ground Response ◽  
Ground Response Analysis ◽  
Heterogeneous Distribution ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Ground Shaking ◽  
Seismic Risk Mitigation

Earthquake is one of the natural disasters that is caused by ground shaking in soil. Ground response analysis is conducted to obtain the ground motion acceleration on soil surface. Conventional 1-D ground response analysis often suggests that soils are horizontally layered, with little consideration for heterogeneous distribution of soil properties. In this study, literature on 2-D ground response analysis studies has been study as it covers vertically and horizontally waves. Therefore, researcher works were presented in numerical modelling as substantial parameters for studies in near-surface structure. Besides, aspects for future research in the area 2-Dimensional Ground Response Analysis are included. The paper contributes to the under- standing of 2-Dimensional Ground Response Analysis for the application of seismic risk mitigation.

Seismic ground-response studies in Olympia, Washington, and vicinity

1990 ◽  
Vol 80 (5) ◽  
pp. 1057-1078
Author(s):  
K. W. King ◽  
A. C. Tarr ◽  
D. L. Carver ◽  
R. A. Williams ◽  
D. M. Worley
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Waves ◽  
Hard Rock ◽  
Puget Sound ◽  
Open Pit ◽  
Site Conditions ◽  
Ground Response ◽  
Response Characteristics ◽  
Seismic Ground Response ◽  
Geological Units ◽  
The City

Abstract Relative seismic ground-response characteristics in the cities of Olympia, Lacey, and Tumwater, Washington, were determined from analysis of instrumentally recorded ground motion induced by blasts at an open-pit coal mine near Centralia, Washington. A ground-response function (GRF), defined as the ratio of Fourier spectral amplitudes at an alluvium site to spectral amplitudes on hard rock, is a measure of amplification of seismic waves by localized site conditions. GRF values in three frequency bands (0.5 to 1.0 Hz, 1.0 to 2.0 Hz, and 2.0 to 4.0 Hz) were compared with observed Modified Mercalli (MM) intensities from the 29 April 1965, Puget Sound earthquake and with mapped surficial geologic units. Typically, the GRF values relate well with the surficial geological units. In addition, MM intensities within the V to VII range appear to be directly related to the frequencies within the 0.5 to 4.0 Hz bandwidth such that MM V intensity sites had a lower GRF value in the 2.0 to 4.0 Hz bandwidth as compared to the 0.5 to 2.0 Hz bandwidth, and the MM VII intensity sites had higher GRF values in the 2.0 to 4.0 Hz bandwidth as compared to the 0.5 to 2.0 Hz bandwidth. The set of GRF values determined for the city of Olympia and its vicinity should be useful in formulating a theoretical relative ground-response model for the southern Puget Sound area.

High-frequency Rayleigh-wave tomography using traffic noise from Long Beach, California

Geophysics ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. B43-B53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason P. Chang ◽  
Sjoerd A. L. de Ridder ◽  
Biondo L. Biondi
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Noise ◽  
Long Beach ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Linear Feature ◽  
The North ◽  
Local Roads ◽  
Geologic Map ◽  
Wave Tomography ◽  
Dense Seismic Array

Using a dense seismic array in Long Beach, California, we have investigated the effectiveness of using traffic noise for passive subsurface imaging. Spectral analysis revealed that traffic-induced vibrations dominate the ambient seismic noise field at frequencies between 3 and 15 Hz. Using the ambient-noise crosscorrelation technique at these frequencies, we have extracted fundamental- and first-order-mode Rayleigh waves generated by Interstate 405 and local roads. We picked group traveltimes associated with the fundamental mode and used them in a straight-ray tomography procedure to produce group velocity maps at 3.0 and 3.5 Hz. The velocity trends in our results corresponded to shallow depths and coincided well with lithologies outlined in a geologic map of the survey area. The most prominent features resolved in our velocity maps were the low velocities to the north corresponding to less-consolidated materials, high velocities to the south corresponding to more-consolidated materials, a low-velocity zone corresponding to artificial fill in Alamitos Bay, and a low-velocity linear feature in the Newport-Inglewood Fault Zone. Our resulting near-surface velocities can be useful for identifying regions that are susceptible to serious damage during earthquake-related shaking.

Benthic foraminiferal zonation in deep-water carbonate platform margin environments, northern Little Bahama Bank

1988 ◽  
Vol 62 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald E. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Deep Water ◽  
Benthic Foraminifera ◽  
Carbonate Platform ◽  
Sedimentary Facies ◽  
Depositional Environments ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Sediment Gravity Flows ◽  
Gravity Flows ◽  
Platform Margin ◽  
Water Carbonate

The utility of benthic foraminifera in bathymetric interpretation of clastic depositional environments is well established. In contrast, bathymetric distribution of benthic foraminifera in deep-water carbonate environments has been largely neglected. Approximately 260 species and morphotypes of benthic foraminifera were identified from 12 piston core tops and grab samples collected along two traverses 25 km apart across the northern windward margin of Little Bahama Bank at depths of 275-1,135 m. Certain species and operational taxonomic groups of benthic foraminifera correspond to major near-surface sedimentary facies of the windward margin of Little Bahama Bank and serve as reliable depth indicators. Globocassidulina subglobosa, Cibicides rugosus, and Cibicides wuellerstorfi are all reliable depth indicators, being most abundant at depths >1,000 m, and are found in lower slope periplatform aprons, which are primarily comprised of sediment gravity flows. Reef-dwelling peneroplids and soritids (suborder Miliolina) and rotaliines (suborder Rotaliina) are most abundant at depths <300 m, reflecting downslope bottom transport in proximity to bank-margin reefs. Small miliolines, rosalinids, and discorbids are abundant in periplatform ooze at depths <300 m and are winnowed from the carbonate platform. Increased variation in assemblage diversity below 900 m reflects mixing of shallow- and deep-water species by sediment gravity flows.

Analysis of 2D and 3D defects associated with precipitation of Cu in silicon

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 870-871
Author(s):  
P.M. Rice ◽  
MJ. Kim ◽  
R.W. Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
Colony Growth ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
Silicide Phase ◽  
Strain Fields ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Unknown Composition ◽  
Secondary Precipitates ◽  
20 Nm ◽  
2D And 3D

Extrinsic gettering of Cu on near-surface dislocations in Si has been the topic of recent investigation. It was shown that the Cu precipitated hetergeneously on dislocations as Cu silicide along with voids, and also with a secondary planar precipitate of unknown composition. Here we report the results of investigations of the sense of the strain fields about the large (~100 nm) silicide precipitates, and further analysis of the small (~10-20 nm) planar precipitates.Numerous dark field images were analyzed in accordance with Ashby and Brown's criteria for determining the sense of the strain fields about precipitates. While the situation is complicated by the presence of dislocations and secondary precipitates, micrographs like those shown in Fig. 1(a) and 1(b) tend to show anomalously wide strain fields with the dark side on the side of negative g, indicating the strain fields about the silicide precipitates are vacancy in nature. This is in conflict with information reported on the η'' phase (the Cu silicide phase presumed to precipitate within the bulk) whose interstitial strain field is considered responsible for the interstitial Si atoms which cause the bounding dislocation to expand during star colony growth.

Shock consolidation of Ni-Ti alloy powder

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 430-431
Author(s):  
Naresh N. Thadhani ◽  
Thad Vreeland ◽  
Thomas J. Ahrens
Keyword(s):  
Alloy Powder ◽  
Amorphous Material ◽  
Ti Alloy ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Optical Micrograph ◽  
Shock Compaction ◽  
Powder Particles ◽  
Ti Powder ◽  
Rapidly Solidified

A spherically-shaped, microcrystalline Ni-Ti alloy powder having fairly nonhomogeneous particle size distribution and chemical composition was consolidated with shock input energy of 316 kJ/kg. In the process of consolidation, shock energy is preferentially input at particle surfaces, resulting in melting of near-surface material and interparticle welding. The Ni-Ti powder particles were 2-60 μm in diameter (Fig. 1). About 30-40% of the powder particles were Ni-65wt% and balance were Ni-45wt%Ti (estimated by EMPA).Upon shock compaction, the two phase Ni-Ti powder particles were bonded together by the interparticle melt which rapidly solidified, usually to amorphous material. Fig. 2 is an optical micrograph (in plane of shock) of the consolidated Ni-Ti alloy powder, showing the particles with different etching contrast.

Preparation of cross-sectional samples for near-surface TEM studies

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 380-381
Author(s):  
R.C. Dickenson ◽  
K.R. Lawless
Keyword(s):  
Standard Sample ◽  
Surface Region ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Thick Sheet ◽  
Drill Bit ◽  
Sample Holder ◽  
Metal Interface ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Cold Worked

In thermal oxidation studies, the structure of the oxide-metal interface and the near-surface region is of great importance. A technique has been developed for constructing cross-sectional samples of oxidized aluminum alloys, which reveal these regions. The specimen preparation procedure is as follows: An ultra-sonic drill is used to cut a 3mm diameter disc from a 1.0mm thick sheet of the material. The disc is mounted on a brass block with low-melting wax, and a 1.0mm hole is drilled in the disc using a #60 drill bit. The drill is positioned so that the edge of the hole is tangent to the center of the disc (Fig. 1) . The disc is removed from the mount and cleaned with acetone to remove any traces of wax. To remove the cold-worked layer from the surface of the hole, the disc is placed in a standard sample holder for a Tenupol electropolisher so that the hole is in the center of the area to be polished.

Near-Surface Aggregation of Sn In Heavily Sn-Doped GaAs Films Grown By Molecular Beam Epitaxy

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 368-369
Author(s):  
S. H. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Beam Epitaxy ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Electron Spectroscopy ◽  
Molecular Beam ◽  
Surface Segregation ◽  
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Gaas Films ◽  
Secondary Ion

Sn has been used extensively as an n-type dopant in GaAs grown by molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE). The surface accumulation of Sn during the growth of Sn-doped GaAs has been observed by several investigators. It is still not clear whether the accumulation of Sn is a kinetically hindered process, as proposed first by Wood and Joyce, or surface segregation due to thermodynamic factors. The proposed donor-incorporation mechanisms were based on experimental results from such techniques as secondary ion mass spectrometry, Auger electron spectroscopy, and C-V measurements. In the present study, electron microscopy was used in combination with cross-section specimen preparation. The information on the morphology and microstructure of the surface accumulation can be obtained in a fine scale and may confirm several suggestions from indirect experimental evidence in the previous studies.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document