Study of Love and Rayleigh waves from earthquakes with fault plane solutions or with known faulting Part 2. Application of the phase difference method

ABSTRACT For the purpose of examining the basic assumptions underlying the surface wave method of earthquake mechanism study, we investigated Love and Rayleigh waves from earthquakes with known faulting and/or fault plane solutions obtained from initial motion studies. In order to eliminate the effect of the source time function and finiteness of the fault and to concentrate on the nature of the earthquake force system and its space parameters, we are primarily concerned with the phase differences between Love and Rayleigh waves and their amplitude ratios. We studied about 30 earthquakes which occurred in the Mediterranean region, California, and Japan. The results are given in Part 2, and the method used is described in the present paper. The theoretical phase and amplitude of Love and Rayleigh waves were computed on the basis of observed faulting or fault plane solution under various hypotheses about the equivalent force system. Then, we obtained from the record, the Fourier phase difference of Love and Rayleigh waves, corrected it for propagation in a layered earth and compared it with the corresponding theoretical value. In computing the theoretical values, we assumed a homogeneous half space for Rayleigh waves. For Love waves, the layered structure of the earth was taken into account in an approximate way. We have constructed a table of the theoretical values for all possible parameters of fault system and also for various focal depths. A part of the table is given in a concise form in Part 3. The measurement of the phase difference between Love and Rayleigh waves was made by two methods. One is the stationary phase analysis, first applied to seismograms by Brune, Nafe and Oliver (1960), and the other is a filtering-correlation method. The latter method is appropriate for those records where the waves are less dispersed and noise is a factor. It was found that the single couple hypothesis fails to explain the observations on surface waves, and must be modified in some way. A modified single couple hypothesis is proposed which appears to explain the observations generally better than the double couple hypothesis as will be shown in Part 2.

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The Mediterranean Region: between terrorism, tourism and security

Geopolitical Social Security and Freedom Journal ◽

10.2478/gssfj-2018-0020 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 135-148

Author(s):

Nicoletta Varani ◽

Enrico Bernardini

Keyword(s):

Natural Disasters ◽

21St Century ◽

Mediterranean Region ◽

Tourism Industry ◽

Terrorist Attacks ◽

The Political ◽

International Conflicts ◽

Tourist Destinations ◽

The World ◽

The Mediterranean

Abstract Tourism remains a very vulnerable sector and sensitive to both internal and external impacts, such as economic and social crises, natural disasters, epidemics and diseases, national and international conflicts. Among these, the most alarming threat in the 21st century remains terrorism. In this sense, this paper aims to study the effects of the increasingly frequent terrorist attacks by the extremist factions of Al-Qaeda and ISIL on the tourism industry in the Mediterranean Region. The contribution, after having discussed in general the tourism market in the Mediterranean Region, intends to highlight the impacts and repercussions of the terrorist attacks on tourism, presenting the example of Egypt and one of its best-known tourist destinations, Sharm el-Sheikh. In this sense, it is shown how, in a few years, the political instability of the country and the attacks of 2005 and 2016 have significantly reduced the influx of tourists, transforming it from one of the most visited destinations in the world in a place of increasing abandonment.

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Ecology, Cultivation and Utilization of the Aromatic Greek Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.): A Review

Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca ◽

10.15835/nbha47311296 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 47 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Elpiniki SKOUFOGIANNI ◽

Alexandra D. SOLOMOU ◽

Nicholaos G. DANALATOS

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Mediterranean Region ◽

Present Review ◽

Digital Object Identifier ◽

Extensive Literature ◽

Origanum Vulgare ◽

Medicinal And Aromatic Plants ◽

Wide Range ◽

The World ◽

The Mediterranean

Medicinal and aromatic plants represent a stable part of the natural biodiversity legacy of many countries in the world. The present review focuses on oregano (Origanum vulgare L.; family Lamiaceae), an endemic herb in Greece that constitutes one of the best known aromatic and medicinal plants originating in the Mediterranean region. In particular, oregano is an evergreen, rich in natural compounds perennial plant that received increased attention in the last years for a wide range of uses. Oregano dry leaves and inflorescences in mixture are used as human and animal food that is extremely rich in antioxidative properties. Additionally, its essential oil is rich in carvacrol, thymol, c-terpinene and p-cymene, and is used for a number of medicinal purposes, e.g. for inhibiting microbial and fungal toxin production as well as for the well-known anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiarthritic, antiallergic, anticarcinogenic, antidiabetic, cardioprotective, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective properties. Due to its perfect quality and high essential oil concentration, Greek oregano (O. vulgare ssp. hirtum) is regarded among the best in the world gaining in popularity in the global markets for food industry applications. Consequently, oregano might be considered as an important low-input, environmental friendly commodity for extensive cultivation in Greece. The present review summarizes on the origin, the morphology, the ecology and the utilization of this plant. Despite the extensive literature available on the use of oregano biomass and essential oil, only few reports exist concerning the cultivation of this plant. Therefore, the present review is additionally focused on the cultivation practices and the importance of cultivation and utilization of Origanum vulgare L. in Greece and generally in the Mediterranean region in the near future, as it constitutes a plant species with high medical, economic and environmental value. ********* In press - Online First. Article has been peer reviewed, accepted for publication and published online without pagination. It will receive pagination when the issue will be ready for publishing as a complete number (Volume 47, Issue 3, 2019). The article is searchable and citable by Digital Object Identifier (DOI). DOI link will become active after the article will be included in the complete issue. *********

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Trends in the Use of Perfumes and Incense in the Near East after the Muslim Conquests

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland ◽

10.1017/s1356186312000673 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 11-30 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

AMAR ZOHAR ◽

EFRAIM LEV

Keyword(s):

Middle East ◽

Material Culture ◽

East Africa ◽

Case Studies ◽

Mediterranean Region ◽

Medical Literature ◽

New Crops ◽

The World ◽

The Mediterranean ◽

Level Of Importance

AbstractPerfumes have been known as utilizable but exclusive products since antiquity. Use of aromatic substances was first mentioned in archaic sources of the ancient world. The origin of such fragrant substances was mainly vegetable and animal. Throughout history, the use of subtle perfumes increased and some of the exotic materials became expensive and valuable commodities. They were the source of wealth for cultures and rulers. The contribution of the Arabs to the distribution of new crops, knowledge, industrial techniques and substances is a well-known phenomenon. In our article we intend to focus on the new perfumes that were distributed throughout the world thanks to the Arab conquests and the knowledge of their other uses, mainly medicinal, that was handed down along with the products themselves. About 20 common perfumes are known to have been used in the medieval world, though half of them were not mentioned in earlier sources.These phenomena will be dealt with and presented in a profile we built up for four perfumes: agarwood, camphor, musk and ambergris. The theoretical and practical uses of these perfumes that are presented in detail (based on various sources including traders’ documents, medical literature and practical Genizah fragments, dealing mainly with medicine) will serve as case studies for the understanding of new trends in the uses of perfumes after the Muslim conquest. Arab perfumes can be divided into three groups, according to their level of importance:A. New perfumes, mainly from the vast region named “India”; most of which (such as camphor, ambergris and sandalwood and a compound made out of them known as nadd and ghāliya) were not known in the Middle East and the Mediterranean region until the Muslim conquests.B. Perfumes that kept their popularity including: a variety of cinnamon, costus, spikenard, frankincense, saffron and rose.C. Perfumes that lost their worth like balsam and myrrh.It seems that camphor was the best and most cherished perfume that substituted balsam. Like balsam, the importance of myrrh that was imported from Arabia and East Africa also declined and it seems that its substitute was musk. Transformations in perfume fashion were in fact only part of a wider revolution of the Arabic material culture which the Middle East, the Mediterranean region and even many European countries experienced due to the Arab conquests.

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Tourism and Economic Growth in Mediterranean Region: Dynamic Panel Data Approach

Acta Economica Et Turistica ◽

10.1515/aet-2016-0005 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 65-84 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Blanka Šimundić ◽

Zvonimir Kuliš

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Panel Data ◽

Mediterranean Region ◽

Dynamic Panel Data ◽

Dynamic Panel ◽

The World ◽

Global Tourism ◽

The Mediterranean ◽

Tourism Arrivals ◽

Growth Hypothesis

AbstractThe Mediterranean region is one of the leading tourism regions in the world accounting for one third of global tourism receipts and half of global tourism arrivals. This paper aims at providing evidence that tourism can be considered as determinant of economic growth in the Mediterranean region. The results support the postulates of tourism led growth hypothesis, thus giving to the policymakers endorses for improving the tourism competitiveness conditions that will boost the economic growth.

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Study of Love and Rayleigh waves from earthquakes with fault plane solutions or with known faulting Part 3. Table of source phase differences between Rayleigh and Love waves

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America ◽

10.1785/bssa0540020559 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 54 (2) ◽

pp. 559-570

Author(s):

Keiiti Aki

Keyword(s):

Rayleigh Waves ◽

Fault Plane ◽

Love Waves ◽

Fault Plane Solutions ◽

Rayleigh And Love Waves ◽

Source Phase ◽

Phase Differences

ABSTRACT The table of source phase differences between Rayleigh and Love waves which was described in Part 1 and used in Part 2 is presented in a concise form for the case of a surface focus.

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On nations and international boundaries – the case of the Mediterranean region

Europa XXI ◽

10.7163/eu21.2021.40.2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 40 ◽

Author(s):

Gideon Biger

Keyword(s):

Mediterranean Region ◽

Middle Eastern ◽

Main Subject ◽

European Model ◽

Nation States ◽

The World ◽

Independent States ◽

The Mediterranean ◽

International Boundaries

The world seems mainly to comprise nation states that are independent and based on one nation, if sometimes with certain minorities within it. Thus, at first glance the model seems to be of ‘a nation establishing its boundaries’. However, a ‘boundaries that made a nation’ model also in fact exists – in which nations were created after boundaries were laid down. The independent states in the Mediterranean region forming the main subject of study here are found to belong to both of the above models, with the result that they place overall between the European model of ‘nation states’ and the African and Middle Eastern model by which ‘boundaries make nations’.

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A mantle wave magnitude for the St. Elias, Alaska, earthquake of 28 February 1979

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America ◽

10.1785/bssa0710041143 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 71 (4) ◽

pp. 1143-1159

Author(s):

Ray Buland ◽

James Taggart

Keyword(s):

Time Domain ◽

Rayleigh Waves ◽

Fault Plane ◽

Frequency Domain Analysis ◽

Synthetic Seismograms ◽

Fault Plane Solutions ◽

Moment Estimate ◽

Moment Estimates ◽

Mantle Waves ◽

Seismograph Network

abstract We have investigated surface and mantle waves from the St. Elias earthquake (28 February 1979, 21:27:06.1 UTC) using standard time-domain techniques and highly automated procedure for frequency-domain analysis. Mantle wave spectral densities at periods of 100, 150, 200, and 250 sec were determined from R1 through R5 and G1 through G6 recorded by 10 stations of the Global Digital Seismograph Network using a method similar to one developed by Brune and Engen (1969) for 100-sec Love waves. For comparison we have generated synthetic seismograms by normal mode summation using two published fault plane solutions (Lahr et al., 1979; Hasegawa et al., 1980) and assuming a point source. For the St. Elias event we find that the precise orientation of the focal mechanism has a significant impact on the efficiency of mantle wave generation and hence on moment inference. Further, source finiteness effects, expressed as distortion of the radiation pattern and a disparity between moment estimates made using Love and Rayleigh waves, are clearly visible at all periods we examined. However, these effects decrease dramatically with increasing periods and are gratifyingly small by 250 sec allowing us to make a moment estimate. We have made the following measurements of the size of the St. Elias earthquake 20-sec Rayleigh waves (30 observations) Ms = 7.08 20-sec Rayleigh waves Ms = 7.23 (30 observations azimuthally weighted) Seismic moment (dyne-cm) Mo = 2.36 x 1027 Moment magnitude Mw = 7.52.

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Understanding the Concept and Limitations of Circular and Green Economy in the Mediterranean Region

Practice, Progress, and Proficiency in Sustainability - Management and Conservation of Mediterranean Environments ◽

10.4018/978-1-7998-7391-4.ch012 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 194-207

Author(s):

James Karmoh Sowah Jr. ◽

Derviş Kırıkkaleli ◽

Sema Yılmaz Genç

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Circular Economy ◽

Mediterranean Region ◽

Theoretical Foundation ◽

Green Economy ◽

Policy Recommendations ◽

The World ◽

The Mediterranean ◽

Comparative Description

The chapter gives a detailed description of concept and limitation of “circular and green economy” within the framework of Mediterranean region. It begins with an introduction of concept of circular and green economy, which explores transformation from a linear economy (i.e., “traditional take-make-waste model”) to the circular economy. It then describes the concept and theoretical foundation of the circular and green economy before giving a detailed comparative description of its practical economic and business rationale within the Mediterranean Region and the world at large. To make this chapter approachable to readers of various abilities, the chapter gives detailed description with the aid of tables and figures. Besides, previous financing info is included before providing policy recommendations that if implemented could offer a significant boost to a greener inclusive economic growth in the Mediterranean region and the world at large.

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Long term precipitation trends and variability within the Mediterranean region

Natural Hazards and Earth System Science ◽

10.5194/nhess-11-3235-2011 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 3235-3250 ◽

Cited By ~ 112

Author(s):

C. M. Philandras ◽

P. T. Nastos ◽

J. Kapsomenakis ◽

K. C. Douvis ◽

G. Tselioudis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Confidence Level ◽

Mediterranean Region ◽

Climate Model ◽

Future Climate ◽

Annual Precipitation ◽

Climatic Research Unit ◽

Rain Season ◽

The World ◽

The Mediterranean

Abstract. In this study, the trends and variability of annual precipitation totals and annual rain days over land within the Mediterranean region are analyzed. Long term ground-based observations concerning, on one hand, monthly precipitation totals (1900–2010) and rain days (1965–2010) from 40 meteorological stations within the Mediterranean region were obtained from the Hellenic National Meteorological Service and the World Climate Data and Monitoring Programme (WCDMP) of the World Meteorological Organization. On the other hand, high spatial resolution (0.5° × 0.5°) gridded monthly data CRU TS 3.1 were acquired from the Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, for the period 1901–2009. The two datasets were compared by means of trends and variability, while the influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) in the Mediterranean precipitation was examined. In the process, the climatic changes in the precipitation regime between the period 1961–1990 (reference period) and the period 2071–2100 (future climate) were presented using climate model simulations (RACMO2.1/KNMI). The future climate projections were based on SRES A1B. The findings of the analysis showed that statistically significant (95% confidence level) negative trends of the annual precipitation totals exist in the majority of Mediterranean regions during the period 1901–2009, with an exception of northern Africa, southern Italy and western Iberian peninsula, where slight positive trends (not statistically significant at 95% CL) appear. Concerning the annual number of rain days, a pronounced decrease of 20 %, statistically significant (95% confidence level), appears in representative meteorological stations of east Mediterranean, while the trends are insignificant for west and central Mediterranean. Additionally, NAO index was found to be anticorrelated with the precipitation totals and the number of rain days mainly in Spain, southern France, Italy and Greece. These correlations are higher within the rain season (October–March) than the entire year. Based on the results of regional climate model RACMO2.1/KNMI, precipitation is very likely to decrease almost 20% in the period 2071–2100 compared to 1961–1990, under SRES A1B.

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