The Oldest Report of a 1537 Mexico Tsunami Based on Japanese Literature Is Erroneous

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yutaka Hayashi
Keyword(s):  
Central America ◽  
Japanese Literature ◽  
Environmental Information ◽  
Earthquake Catalog ◽  
Historical Tsunami ◽  
The World ◽  
Historical Database ◽  
Mexico Earthquake ◽  
Tsunami Record

Abstract According to the Global Historical Database by the National Centers for Environmental Information, the oldest historical tsunami record in Central America is the earthquake tsunami that occurred in Mexico in 1537; however, this record is doubtful because this tsunami is reported by no authority outside Japan. Here, I examined earthquake and tsunami catalogs and found the source of this suspicious data. Imamura (1925) compiled the first part of the chronological table of major earthquakes in the world from the earthquake catalog of the world by Milne (1912). During this compilation, information on the tsunami caused by the 1531 Spain–Portugal earthquake was not copied. The chronological table was published almost annually until 1962; during this time the table was revised in 1958 by Kawasumi, who was the author in charge at the time. The remarks for the 1531 Spain–Portugal earthquake tsunami should have been added during the revision, but the text “tsunami existence” was erroneously added to the next entry for the 1537 Mexico earthquake. The source of the 1537 tsunami report was this miscopy.

scholarly journals Edible Insects and Global Food Security

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 472
Author(s):  
Fabio Verneau ◽  
Mario Amato ◽  
Francesco La La Barbera
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Central America ◽  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Edible Insects ◽  
African Continent ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Global Food ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

Starting in 2008 and lasting up until 2011, the crisis in agricultural and, in particular, cereal prices triggered a period of riots that spread from the Mediterranean basin to the rest of the world, reaching from Asia to Central America and the African continent. [...]

UNICEF in Central America

1960 ◽  
Vol 329 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-77
Author(s):  
Alice C. Shaffer
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Central America ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Central American ◽  
The World ◽  
Working Together ◽  
Integrated Programs ◽  
Regional Basis ◽  
The United Nations

Central America has been one of the pioneer areas for the United Nations Children's Fund assisted pro grams. When the United Nations Children's Fund, under a broadened mandate from the United Nations, shifted the emphasis of its aid from emergency to long term and from war-torn countries to those economically less developed, Cen tral American governments immediately requested its assist ance to strengthen and extend services to children and mothers. As one of the first areas in the world to aim at the eradication of malaria and to have engaged in an inten sive campaign against malnutrition on a regional basis, the Central American experiences in these fields have become known, watched, and studied by people from many countries. Against this background, international and bilateral organi zations are working together with governments as they broaden the scope and the extent of their programs. Ten years of co-operative action have highlighted the need for train ing of personnel, both professional and auxiliary. This period has also made clear the value of more integrated programs with wider collaboration both within the ministries of government and between the international organizations.

The Development of the United Nations Law Concerning Peace-Keeping Operations

1992 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-281
Author(s):  
Robert Siekmann
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Central America ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The World ◽  
New Thinking ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Cold War

Especially as a consequence of the termination of the Cold War, the détente in the relations between East en West (Gorbachev's ‘new thinking’ in foreign policy matters) and, finally, the disappearance of the Soviet Union, the number of UN peace-keeping operations substantially increased in recent years. One could even speak of a ‘proliferation’. Until 1988 the number of operations was twelve (seven peace-keeping forces: UNEF ‘I’ and ‘II’, ONUC, UNHCYP, UNSF (West New Guinea), UNDOF AND UNIFIL; and five military observer missions: UNTSO, UNMOGIP, UNOGIL, UNYOM and UNIPOM). Now, three forces and seven observer missions can be added. The forces are MINURSO (West Sahara), UNTAC (Cambodia) and UNPROFOR (Yugoslavia); the observer groups: UNGOMAP (Afghanistan/Pakistan), UNIIMOG (Iran/Iraq), UNAVEM ‘I’ and ‘II’ (Angola), ONUCA (Central America), UNIKOM (Iraq/Kuwait) and ONUSAL (El Salvador). UNTAG (Namibia), which was established in 1978, could not become operational until 1989 as a result of the new political circumstances in the world. So, a total of twenty-three operations have been undertaken, of which almost fifty percent was established in the last five years, whereas the other half was the result of decisions taken by the United Nations in the preceding forty years (UNTSO dates back to 1949). In the meantime, some ‘classic’ operations are being continued (UNTSO, UNMOGIP, UNFICYP, UNDOF, and UNIFIL), whereas some ‘modern’ operations already have been terminated as planned (UNTAG, UNGOMAP, UNIIMOG, UNAVEM ‘I’ and ‘II’, and ONUCA). At the moment (July 1992) eleven operations are in action – the greatest number in the UN history ever.

scholarly journals Tungiasis: A Rare Parasitic Infestation in Genitals of a Native Male from Kathmandu

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-297
Author(s):  
Shreya Shrivastav ◽  
Ram Chandra Adhikari
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Central America ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Surgical Excision ◽  
The United States ◽  
Parasitic Infestation ◽  
Tunga Penetrans ◽  
The World ◽  
Imported Cases

Tungiasis is a common parasitic infection inmany parts of the world, including South and Central America and parts of Africa. It is rare in other places, such as in India and Pakistan and imported cases have been reported in Taiwan, Italy, the United States of America, etc. Our diagnosis was made based on histopathologiocal features of the parasite, which corresponds too ther reports and description of tungiasis.1-3 It was treated by surgical excision alone. The fact that the disease has never been reported in Nepal makes it difficult to diagnose clinically, but should be considered in the future. Histopathology can aid in diagnosingthis rare condition.Keywords: Nepal; tunga penetrans; tungiasis.

The Middle Niger in Pre-Antiquity and Global Context

2019 ◽  
pp. 11-18
Author(s):  
Michael A. Gomez
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Central America ◽  
Climatic Variability ◽  
Global Context ◽  
Human Endeavor ◽  
The World ◽  
Archaeological Work ◽  
History Of ◽  
Vedic Period ◽  
Early Human

This chapter discusses the consistent omission of early and medieval Africa in world and imperial histories. West Africa is certainly left out of the narrative of early human endeavor, and only tends to be mentioned, with brevity, in conjunction with European imperialism. Nevertheless, substantial archaeological work has been underway in West Africa for decades, particularly in the middle Niger valley. For it was during the period of the Shang, Chou, Shin, Han, and Tang dynasties of China, the Vedic period in India, and the Mayans in central America, that another urban-based civilization flourished in West Africa, in the Middle Niger region. The chapter then considers the history of civilization in the Middle Niger, which is a study of the multiple ways in which communities continually adjust to and engage with one of the more “variable and unpredictable” environments in the world. Indeed, the story of the Middle Niger connects directly with the celestial preoccupations of big history in that much of its climatic variability is explained by slight alterations in solar radiation, produced in turn by the intricacies of the sun's cyclical patterns.

Leadership in Rural Central American Villages

2020 ◽  
pp. 53-64
Author(s):  
Yanira Oliveras-Ortiz ◽  
Wesley D. Hickey ◽  
Jennifer S. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Narrative Inquiry ◽  
Central America ◽  
Education System ◽  
Educational Leaders ◽  
Strategic Thinking ◽  
Central American ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Role Of The Principal

Educational leaders in rural schools across the world face distinctive challenges. In this chapter, the authors report the findings of two studies examined through narrative inquiry conducted in a Garifuna and Ketchi Mayan village in Central America. The case studies explore the role of the principal as a strategic leader to improve the education system, and the impact of these leaders in their communities. By sharing these stories, the authors illustrate the importance of strategic thinking, as well as both transformative and servant leadership to promote change.

Fear and Loathing in Central America

2020 ◽  
pp. 295-306
Author(s):  
Russell Crandall
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Central America ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
The State ◽  
Drug Trade ◽  
Economic Action ◽  
Criminal Organizations ◽  
The World

This chapter begins with Nils Gilman's seminal essay “The Twin Insurgency,” stating that gangs aim to carve out de facto zones of autonomy for themselves by crippling the state's ability to constrain their freedom of economic action. It talks about gangsters in Latin America that took advantage of the vulnerability of the states they operated in to such a degree that they frequently became shadow powers. It also details how gangs terrorized their host societies, using corruption, extortion, and bullets as their weapons of choice. The chapter cites the statistics that emphasized that the most violent cities in the world were in Latin America, clarifying that the statistics were a result of the impunity enjoyed by the region's criminal organizations, primarily those with ties to the illicit drug trade. It discusses how drug gangs often served as the de facto administrator of social services in slums, where the state failed to provide much of anything.

Searching for Memories of Colonial Literature in Modern History

2020 ◽  
pp. 189-201
Author(s):  
Zhang Quan
Keyword(s):  
Japanese Literature ◽  
Transformative Change ◽  
Modern History ◽  
Colonial Literature ◽  
Professional Career ◽  
Award Winning ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Se

Mei Niang (1916-2013) enjoyed the longest career amongst those in Manchukuo’s “Manchurian writer group.” The century spanning Mei Niang's life witnessed dramatic, transformative change for both China and the world, and her experiences evoke a richly colourful, complex, and confusing history marked by political tensions. This chapter analyses important elements of the woman writer's professional career – from her use of local Northeastern words, Chinese translations of Japanese literature, and her award-winning novel Crabs. It argue that her fictional production during imperial Japan's occupation was not colonial per se but, rather, should be considered within the context of an extraordinary young woman’s experience of surviving colonialism and her perceptions of it.

Population ageing in South and Central America

2017 ◽  
pp. 27-34
Author(s):  
Carlos M. Paixao Junior ◽  
Roberto A. Lourenço ◽  
Fernando Morales-Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Central America ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Age Dependency ◽  
Persistent Problem ◽  
Dependency Ratios ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

Considering questions related to South and Central America probably is best done by using the better-known term of Latin America. Although much of the history of the region has common roots, many specificities make these countries somewhat heterogeneous. However, one can say that ageing in the region has been accelerated and diverse from what was witnessed in more affluent countries elsewhere in the world, because of the persistent problem of poverty still unresolved in Latin America. The over-60 population has been growing in the region for the past 30 years, producing an increase in old-age indices and old-age dependency ratios. This raises important issues about the social protection models that should be adopted to cope with these demographic trends.

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