Continuity of Earthquake and Tsunami Monitoring by Japan Meteorological Agency under Critical Conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noriko Kamaya ◽  
Mitsuyuki Hoshiba ◽  
Akio Katsumata ◽  
Keiji Doi
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Satellite Communication ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Seismic Intensity ◽  
Japan Meteorological Agency ◽  
Critical Conditions ◽  
Governmental Organization ◽  
Other Information

Abstract The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) is a governmental organization that has responsibilities for mitigation of natural disasters. JMA issues warnings and information about natural disasters, in addition to daily weather forecasts. When an earthquake occurs, JMA analyzes seismic data to issue an earthquake early warning and to warn of possible tsunamis when a tsunami is expected to strike coastal areas of Japan. During tsunami warning in effect, JMA monitors tsunami meters and updates the warning. JMA also provides several types of macroseismic information. To fulfill these responsibilities, JMA collects data from 4400 seismic intensity meters, 1800 seismometers, 400 tsunami meters, and 39 strainmeters. Monitoring must be continued even under difficult situations such as times following great earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, severe weather conditions, and pandemics. JMA has dual operations centers located in Tokyo and Osaka. When one loses functionality due to a disaster or infection, the other continues 24/7 operations including warnings and issuing other information. Disastrous situations often cause power and communication failures and insufficient numbers of technical specialists. Following the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake, JMA enhanced power and communication capabilities by adding large capacity batteries at each station and satellite communication links. During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, JMA has taken several measures to prevent technical specialists’ infection to continue the full range of functions for issuing of warnings and conveying needed information.

Potential Impacts of Extreme Heat and Bushfires on Dementia

2021 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 969-978
Author(s):  
Taya L. Farugia ◽  
Carla Cuni-Lopez ◽  
Anthony R. White
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Extreme Weather ◽  
Extreme Heat ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Diagnosis Of Dementia

Australia often experiences natural disasters and extreme weather conditions such as: flooding, sandstorms, heatwaves, and bushfires (also known as wildfires or forest fires). The proportion of the Australian population aged 65 years and over is increasing, alongside the severity and frequency of extreme weather conditions and natural disasters. Extreme heat can affect the entire population but particularly at the extremes of life, and patients with morbidities. Frequently identified as a vulnerable demographic in natural disasters, there is limited research on older adults and their capacity to deal with extreme heat and bushfires. There is a considerable amount of literature that suggests a significant association between mental disorders such as dementia, and increased vulnerability to extreme heat. The prevalence rate for dementia is estimated at 30%by age 85 years, but there has been limited research on the effects extreme heat and bushfires have on individuals living with dementia. This review explores the differential diagnosis of dementia, the Australian climate, and the potential impact Australia’s extreme heat and bushfires have on individuals from vulnerable communities including low socioeconomic status Indigenous and Non-Indigenous populations living with dementia, in both metropolitan and rural communities. Furthermore, we investigate possible prevention strategies and provide suggestions for future research on the topic of Australian bushfires and heatwaves and their impact on people living with dementia. This paper includes recommendations to ensure rural communities have access to appropriate support services, medical treatment, awareness, and information surrounding dementia.

scholarly journals Fast-Scale Instability and Stabilization by Adaptive Slope Compensation of a PV-Fed Differential Boost Inverter

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 2106
Author(s):  
Abdelali El Aroudi ◽  
Mohamed Debbat ◽  
Mohammed Al-Numay ◽  
Abdelmajid Abouloiafa
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Current Loop ◽  
Point Tracking ◽  
Bifurcation Phenomena ◽  
Slope Compensation ◽  
Power Point ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Detailed Circuit

Numerical simulations reveal that a single-stage differential boost AC module supplied from a PV module under an Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) control at the input DC port and with current synchronization at the AC grid port might exhibit bifurcation phenomena under some weather conditions leading to subharmonic oscillation at the fast-switching scale. This paper will use discrete-time approach to characterize such behavior and to identify the onset of fast-scale instability. Slope compensation is used in the inner current loop to improve the stability of the system. The compensation slope values needed to guarantee stability for the full range of operating duty cycle and leading to an optimal deadbeat response are determined. The validity of the followed procedures is finally validated by a numerical simulations performed on a detailed circuit-level switched model of the AC module.

The Extended Integrated Particle Filter Method (IPFx) as a High-Performance Earthquake Early Warning System

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masumi Yamada ◽  
Koji Tamaribuchi ◽  
Stephen Wu
Keyword(s):  
Particle Filter ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Seismic Intensity ◽  
Earthquake Early Warning ◽  
Japan Meteorological Agency ◽  
Estimation Accuracy ◽  
Filter Method ◽  
Source Estimation ◽  
Single Station ◽  
Seismic Networks

ABSTRACT An earthquake early warning (EEW) system rapidly analyzes seismic data to report the occurrence of an earthquake before strong shaking is felt at a site. In Japan, the integrated particle filter (IPF) method, a new source-estimation algorithm, was recently incorporated into the EEW system to improve the source-estimation accuracy during active seismicity. The problem of the current IPF method is that it uses the trigger information computed at each station in a specific format as the input and is therefore applicable to only limited seismic networks. This study proposes the extended IPF (IPFx) method to deal with continuous waveforms and merge all Japanese real-time seismic networks into a single framework. The new source determination algorithm processes seismic waveforms in two stages. The first stage (single-station processing) extracts trigger and amplitude information from continuous waveforms. The second stage (network processing) accumulates information from multiple stations and estimates the location and magnitude of ongoing earthquakes based on Bayesian inference. In 10 months of continuous online experiments, the IPFx method showed good performance in detecting earthquakes with maximum seismic intensity ≥3 in the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) catalog. By merging multiple seismic networks into a single EEW system, the warning time of the current EEW system can be improved further. The IPFx method provides accurate shaking estimation even at the beginning of event detection and achieves seismic intensity error <0.25  s after detecting an event. This method correctly avoided two major false alarms on 5 January 2018 and 30 July 2020. The IPFx method offers the potential of expanding the JMA IPF method to global seismic networks.

scholarly journals SUMMARY OF NATURAL DISASTER RESPONSES BY THE ADVANCED LAND OBSERVING SATELLITE-2 (ALOS-2)

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-3/W7 ◽  
pp. 69-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Tadono ◽  
M. Ohki ◽  
T. Abe
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Forest Monitoring ◽  
Array Type ◽  
Microwave Radar ◽  
Typical Data ◽  
Disaster Monitoring ◽  
Operational Phase ◽  
Bad Weather ◽  
Area Monitoring

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The Advanced Land Observing Satellite-2 (ALOS-2) was launched on May 24, 2014, and it is operating very well in space more than 4.5 years. The designed mission life is five years as nominal operational phase and the target is over seven years since launch the satellite. The mission objectives of ALOS-2 are 1) disaster monitoring, 2) national land and infrastructure information, 3) cultivated area monitoring, and 4) global forest monitoring. To achieve the objectives, ALOS-2 carries on the Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar-2 (PALSAR-2), which is an active microwave radar using the 1.2 GHz frequency band and observes in day and night times even in bad weather conditions as successor PALSAR instrument onboard ALOS satellite operated from 2006 to 2011. PALSAR-2 instrument has several enhanced features from PALSAR e.g. finer spatial resolution, spotlight observing mode, dual-polarisation ScanSAR. This paper summarises an introduction of typical data analysis results for monitoring natural disasters by ALOS-2 during the operational phase. As the response natural disasters, more than 400 times of the emergency observations have been conducted to identify damages caused by volcanic activities, earthquakes, flooding etc. happened in Japan and the World.</p>

scholarly journals Peran TNI dalam Penanggulangan Bencana Alam (Studi Kasus Peran Korem 043/Gatam dalam Penanggulangan Bencana Alam di Provinsi Lampung)

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nrangwesthi Widyaningrum ◽  
Muhammad Sarip Kodar ◽  
Risma Suryani Purwanto ◽  
Agung Priambodo
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Disaster Management ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Disaster Response ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Tidal Waves ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Natural Disaster Management

Indonesia has the most complete types of disasters in the world such as floods, landslides, tidal waves, tornadoes, drought, forest and land fires, earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, liquefaction and many more. Natural disasters that occur in Indonesia often just happen and it is not predictable when it will happen. This causes problems in handling natural disasters. Natural disaster management is not a matter of BNPB or BPBD, one important element is the involvement of the Indonesian National Army (TNI). One of Indonesia's regions that are vulnerable to natural disasters is Lampung Province. This research will describe how the role of the TNI in the case study in Korem 043 / Gatam in helping to overcome natural disasters in Lampung Province. The research method used in this research is qualitative research with a literature study approach. The role of the TNI in disaster management in Lampung Province is inseparable from the duties and functions of the TNI that have been mandated in Law Number 34 of 2004. Korem 043 / Gatam has taken strategic steps both from the pre-disaster, disaster response, and post-disaster phases . TNI involvement in the process of disaster management does not stand alone, but cooperates and synergizes with local governments.

Is the Willingness and Ability of Nurses to Respond to Various Disasters the Same? A Cross-Sectional Study in Iran

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Moradi ◽  
Simintaj Sharififar ◽  
Seyyed- Javad Hosseini Shokouh
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Disaster Response ◽  
Family Health ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Mass Casualty Incident ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Mass Casualty ◽  
Critical Conditions ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Background: Healthcare centers, as the primary organizations involved in the occurrence of unexpected events, require to identify significant and influential motivational factors in the creation of willingness and, consequently, the ability of health personnel and staff (nurses) to respond to critical situations as the main organizational assets. This study was designed with the aim to determine the factors affecting the willingness and ability of nurses to deal with various disasters in Tehran hospitals.Methods: This research is a cross-sectional study. The instrument used is a researcher-made questionnaire, which consists of three parts of demographic information, evaluation of the level of nurses' willingness and ability to respond to various disasters, and obstacles to continuing to work in disasters.Results: A total of 308 questionnaires were completed. 39.3% of participants were female, and 60.7% of them were male. The level of willingness and ability of participants to continue working in crisis indicates that the highest willingness and ability are associated with natural disasters (floods, earthquakes), and the lowest willingness and ability are related to participating in response to the disease epidemic. The prioritization of the participants in this study in connection with the most critical barriers to responding to the crisis demonstrated that caring for children in natural disasters and Mass Casualty Incident, concern for family health in chemical disasters, fear of contamination in nuclear disasters, and fear of Infection in epidemic of diseases are among the most important obstacles. In examining the factors influencing the willingness and ability of research units to participate in disaster response raised, the factors of gender, age, marital status, and health level of individuals affected the level of willingness and ability of individuals. Besides, the components of income level, care for the elderly, and care for the disabled have only been influential on the willingness of people to participate in disaster response.Conclusion: The professional preparation of health care personnel to perform their duties in critical conditions is essential. Hence, preventive measures to minimize the risk and strengthen the ethical obligations of employees in this profession in crises will be beneficial.

The adaptive capacity of New Zealand communities to wildfire

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela J. Jakes ◽  
E. R. (Lisa) Langer
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Adaptive Capacity ◽  
Local Knowledge ◽  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Institutional Capacity ◽  
Process Elements

When we think of natural disasters in New Zealand, we tend to think of earthquakes or volcanic eruptions. However, a series of events is placing New Zealand communities at greater risk of wildfire. In a case study of a rural New Zealand community that experienced wildfire, process elements such as networks and relationships among locals, development and application of local knowledge and experience, and access to and application of expert knowledge and institutional capacity helped build adaptive capacity for disasters.

Critical Conditions for Liquid Mediated Collapse of Two-Dimensional Rough Surfaces

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey L. Streator ◽  
Robert L. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Droplet ◽  
Rough Surfaces ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Surface Profile ◽  
Adhesive Force ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Critical Conditions ◽  
Liquid Volume ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Unit Depth

Small-scale devices are particularly vulnerable to adverse effects of adhesion because of large surface-area-to-volume ratios. Additionally, small gaps can be easily bridged at high humidity or when there are other contaminant liquids present. The bridging of a portion of the interface by a liquid droplet of given volume, tends to pull surfaces in closer proximity due to the sub-ambient pressures that arise. In turn, regions spanned by the bridge will increase in size and lead to a greater adhesive force. In the present work we develop a model for these effects in the presence of surface roughness. The influence of asperities on the surface is treated by means of a recently-developed multi-scale model that considers the full range of wavelengths comprising the surface profile. In the simulations, two nominally flat rough surfaces with profiles that vary only in one direction are brought together under a prescribed load. A liquid bridge of given volume (per unit depth) is then introduced into the contact, assuming an initial areal coverage. The interface configuration is then iterated until one is found that satisfies the equations of elasticity and capillarity for a given liquid volume. As a result of the simulation, critical values are found for combinations of parameters that delineate stable and unstable conditions.

Natural Hazards Governance Practices and Key Natural Hazards in Latin America and the Caribbean

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivis García
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Governance Practices ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
The Caribbean

Along with sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean is among the geographic regions most exposed and vulnerable to the occurrence of disasters. The vulnerability is explained by geography and climate, but also by prevailing poverty and inequality. Year after year, multiple disasters such as landslides, hurricanes, floods, rains, droughts, storms, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis, among others, threaten the region. Natural disasters reveal the deficiencies of infrastructure and essential services. In particular, they highlight the lack of an institutional framework for effective governance with clearly defined goals of how to prevent, respond to, and reconstruct after a natural catastrophe. One of the priorities of governments in the region is to achieve resilience—that is, to strengthen the capacity to resist, adapt, and recover from the effects of natural disasters. To be able to accomplish this, governments need to prepare before a natural disaster strikes. Therefore, disaster risk management is critical. A fundamental element in the strategy of increasing resilience is good planning in general—that is, to reduce inequality, manage urbanization, and invest in necessary infrastructure such as energy, sewage, and water management. Because climate change increases the risk of disasters, it is generally understood that good governance practices can prevent further global warming. Governments might achieve this, for example, by investing in renewable energy and financing other environmentally friendly initiatives. Unfortunately, most current governance models in Latin America and the Caribbean are characterized by bureaucratic structures that are fragmented into different sectors and whose actors do not have much interaction between them. With technical assistance from organizations, such as the World Bank and the United Nations, stakeholders in Latin America and the Caribbean are learning how to develop plans that encourage the collaboration of multiple sectors (e.g., transportation, housing) and improve the working relationships between various institutions (e.g. local associations, NGOs, private and public organizations). To be adequately prepared for a disaster, it is necessary to establish a network of actors that can engage quickly in decision-making and coordinate effectively between local, regional, and national levels.

Practical Site-Specific Earthquake Early Warning Application

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 579-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsuhisa Kanda ◽  
◽  
Tadashi Nasu ◽  
Masamitsu Miyamura
Keyword(s):  
Early Warning ◽  
Estimation Error ◽  
Seismic Intensity ◽  
Earthquake Early Warning ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Japan Meteorological Agency ◽  
Estimation Accuracy ◽  
Intensity Estimation ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Wide Range

Real-time hazard mitigation we have developed using earthquake early warning (EEW) (1) enhances seismic intensity estimation accuracy and (2) extends the interval between when an EEW is issued and when strong tremors arrive. We accomplished the first point (enhancing seismic intensity estimation) by reducing estimation error to less than that commonly used based on an attenuation relationship and soil amplification factor by considering source-location and wave propagation path differences based on site-specific empiricism. We accomplished the second point (shortening the time between warnings and when tremors arrive) using a high-speed, reliable communication network for receiving EEW information from the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) and quickly transmitting warning signals to users. In areas close to quake epicenters, however, warnings may not arrive before the arrival of strong ground motions. The on-site warning system we developed uses P-wave pickup sensors that detect P-wave arrival at a site and predict seismic intensity of subsequent S-waves. We confirmed the on-site warning prototype’s feasibility based on numerical simulation and observation. We also developed an integration server for combining on-site warnings with JMA information to be applied to earthquakes over a wide range of distances. We installed a practical prototype at a construction site near the 2008 Iwate-Miyagi Inland Earthquake epicenter to measure its aftershocks because JMA EEW information was too late to use against the main shock. We obtained good aftershock results, confirming the prototype’s applicability and accuracy. Integration server combination logic was developed for manufacturing sites requiring highly robust, reliable control.

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