The 21 May 1960 Mw 8.1 Concepción Earthquake: A Deep Megathrust Foreshock That Started the 1960 Central-South Chilean Seismic Sequence

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 1617-1627
Author(s):  
Javier Ojeda ◽  
Sergio Ruiz ◽  
Francisco del Campo ◽  
Matías Carvajal
Keyword(s):  
Structural Damage ◽  
Tide Gauges ◽  
Arrival Times ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Compact Zone ◽  
Deep Source ◽  
Instrumental Period ◽  
First Time ◽  
Central South ◽  
General Source

Abstract One of the most notable seismic sequences in modern times was recorded in May 1960 along the southern Chilean subduction zone. The sequence started on 21 May with the Mw 8.1 Concepción earthquake; 33 hr later the Mw 9.5 Valdivia megathrust earthquake occurred, the largest ever recorded in the instrumental period. These events changed the geomorphology of the coast along more than 1000 km, generated extensive structural damage in the main cities of central-south Chile, and triggered a Trans-Pacific tsunami. Observed land-level changes due to both earthquakes were reported in 1970. These observations were ascribed to both events but have been used to study only the general source properties of the 22 May Valdivia mainshock. Here, we separate these data to constrain for the first time the slip distribution of the 21 May Concepción earthquake, applying a Bayesian approach that considers uncertainties in the data. Our results show that the Mw 8.1 Concepción earthquake ruptured a deep segment of the megathrust, concentrated in a compact zone below the Arauco peninsula between depths of 20 and 50 km. Tsunami generation from this deep source agrees well with the tsunami arrival times and small amplitudes recorded by tide gauges along the Chilean coast. Our study highlights the importance of the 21 May 1960 Concepción earthquake in the context of large historical Chilean earthquakes.

Islamic and Jewish Religious Feminists Tackle Islamic and Jewish Oral Law: Maintenance and Rebellion of Wives

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-63
Author(s):  
Ruth Roded
Keyword(s):  
State Policy ◽  
Political System ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Jewish Law ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Parallel Case ◽  
First Time

Beginning in the early 1970s, Jewish and Muslim feminists, tackled “oral law”—Mishna and Talmud, in Judaism, and the parallel Hadith and Fiqh in Islam, and several analogous methodologies were devised. A parallel case study of maintenance and rebellion of wives —mezonoteha, moredet al ba?ala; nafaqa al-mar?a and nush?z—in classical Jewish and Islamic oral law demonstrates similarities in content and discourse. Differences between the two, however, were found in the application of oral law to daily life, as reflected in “responsa”—piskei halacha and fatwas. In modern times, as the state became more involved in regulating maintenance and disobedience, and Jewish law was backed for the first time in history by a state, state policy and implementation were influenced by the political system and socioeconomic circumstances of the country. Despite their similar origin in oral law, maintenance and rebellion have divergent relevance to modern Jews and Muslims.

The Birth of a Successful Prayer Book

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 265-294
Author(s):  
Hiba Abid
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Core ◽  
South And Southeast Asia ◽  
Religious Books ◽  
Manuscript Tradition ◽  
Manuscript Transmission ◽  
Essential Questions ◽  
Central South

Abstract The vast project to reconstruct a history and geography of the spread of the Dalāʾil al-Khayrāt necessarily involves looking into the beginnings of the prayerbook’s manuscript transmission. Composed in Morocco before 869/1465, the prayerbook was already known in the Eastern Maghreb from the mid-11th/17th century. It then reached Turkey and the rest of the Mashriq. After that it found its way to Central, South and Southeast Asia. Returning to the core of the book’s diffusion, this article questions the existence of an autograph copy of Dalāʾil al-Khayrāt. How was the manuscript tradition of one of the most copied religious books in pre-modern times established? This article also poses essential questions about the work of the actors (copyists, illuminators) responsible for the diffusion of the book in its early days.

scholarly journals SOCIAL WASP FAUNA (HYMENOPERA: POLISTINAE) FROM THE CAATINGA AND THE ATLANTIC FOREST OF THE STATE OF BAHIA, BRAZIL

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lúcio Flávio Freire Lima ◽  
Lúcio Flávio Freire Lima
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Social Wasp ◽  
Social Wasps ◽  
The State ◽  
Active Search ◽  
Nest Sampling ◽  
First Time ◽  
Central South ◽  
Rich Fauna

In this work, we carried out an inventory of social wasps (Hymenoptera, Polistinae) from remnants of Caatinga and Atlantic Forest from the central-south region of the state of Bahia. Nest sampling was carried out in the period from March 2010 to June 2011, using the method of active search. We obtained 90 nests and identified 22 species, three subspecies and one morphospecies of social wasp belonging to ten genera and eight subgenera. Five species were recorded for the first time in the state of Bahia, and the genus Polybia was the most frequent one, with seven identified species. The obtained results confirmed the diversity of the Atlantic Forest, and point to a rich fauna of social wasps in the Caatinga.

scholarly journals Early Slavic housing from Belz surroundings

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 224-234
Author(s):  
Taras Mylian
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
The Other ◽  
Compacted Clay ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Big City ◽  
Conservation Research ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Middle Ages

Territory of the upper reaches of Western Bug River, especially the annalistic of Belz in Solokiya and its surroundings, is rich in archeological sites. In 2016, as part of the Program «Protection and Preservation of the Cultural Heritage of the Lviv Region for 2016–2018», conservation research was conducted at the settlement Belz 22 (Hora). It is a multi-layered settlement with cultural and chronological horizons from the final Paleolithic to modern times. Information and research on it were conducted with advantages during XX century however, for the first time in the settlement; remains of a Slavic dwelling-semi-dugout (object 20) of the Prague culture were discovered and studied. Research has shown that dwelling had two periods of functioning. Traces of restructuring were confirmed, which led to a reduction of the area and changing of the shape – from rectangular to square. Evidence of the reconstruction was the remains of two clay ovens, the oldest of which was partially cut down by a later wall. Under the remains of this wall above the furnace a Roman denarius of the II century was found. Ovens are built on special sites made of compacted clay. The older oven has a dome lined with special rollers. Discovered material is represented mainly by handmade ceramic pots, some of them are reconstructed. Some of the forms of utensils were common during the late V – early VI centuries, and the other part – during the second half of VI – early VII century. This division corresponded to the periods of housing. An important find was the weights for the loom, which were reused to build the oven. An additional evidence of the development of weaving in the settlement is a bi-conical spinner with flat platforms, which comes from dwelling. The settlement on the outskirts of the annalistic Belz is characterized by permanence and genetic connection throughout the Middle Ages – from individual Slavic settlements in this region to the creation of a separate principality around the big city. Key words: Prague culture, Belz, Solokiya, dwelling, oven, ceramics, denarius.

“Putting Down Roots”

On the Move ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filiz Garip
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Urban Communities ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Large Share ◽  
Urban Migrants ◽  
First Time ◽  
Central South ◽  
Migrant Groups

This chapter discusses a particular group that continually increased its share among the first-time migrants between 1965 and 2010—from less than 10 percent to nearly 70 percent. This group, called urban migrants, included a large share of men, mostly from urban communities in the border, central-south, and southeastern regions of Mexico rather than the traditional migrant-sending rural communities in the central-west. Urban migrants were significantly more educated compared to the circular, crisis, and family migrants in the preceding chapters, and also relative to non-migrants at their time. The group worked mostly in manufacturing and construction in the United States, earned significantly higher wages than the other migrant groups, and made fewer return trips to Mexico.

John Fransham, the Norwich Polytheist: An English Pagan In The Eighteenth Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-49
Author(s):  
Graham John Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Religious History ◽  
Religious Philosophy ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Unresolved Question ◽  
Intellectual Context ◽  
Classical Traditions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
First Time

This article seeks to shed new light on an unresolved question in modern religious history: how did classical traditions of paganism come to be revived in modern times in the form of neo-paganism? It seeks to contribute to addressing this question by identifying a hitherto overlooked individual who embraced revived paganism as a religious philosophy before other, better known figures who have been discussed by previous scholars. The individual in question was the teacher and writer John Fransham (1730–1810). This article seeks to elucidate the main tenets of Fransham's religious outlook and to locate him within the intellectual context of his time, as both a product of and a rebel against the British Enlightenment. It also publishes his most explicitly pagan piece of writing for the first time.

Some Observations on the Role of Ducats in the Balkans in Late Medieval and Modern Times

Rural History ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALEKSANDAR N. BRZIĆ
Keyword(s):  
Rural Population ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
Evolutionary Aspects

Ducats were issued for the first time in the second half of the thirteenth century. Although practically invisible in Western Europe nowadays, they are still hoarded and used by the rural population of the Balkans. The wealth stored in them is considerable; its level does not show signs of structural decline yet, even in the age of the almighty euro. The history of the use of ducats in the Balkans can be divided into three distinctive periods. Using a descriptive economic-historical approach, the characteristics of these periods, their main evolutionary aspects and particularities are being observed and explained. An overview of countries issuing ducats in the Balkans is given and some economic comparisons used to illustrate the significance of ducats as an economic phenomenon. Finally, the very important question of the use of ducats in jewelry in the Balkans is considered.

scholarly journals Integrating Queueing Theory and Scheduling for Dynamic Scheduling Problems

2014 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 535-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Terekhov ◽  
T. T. Tran ◽  
D. G. Down ◽  
J.C. Beck
Keyword(s):  
Queueing Theory ◽  
Dynamic Scheduling ◽  
Queueing Network ◽  
Scheduling Problems ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Arrival Times ◽  
Processing Times ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Resource Requirements ◽  
First Time

Dynamic scheduling problems consist of both challenging combinatorics, as found in classical scheduling problems, and stochastics due to uncertainty about the arrival times, resource requirements, and processing times of jobs. To address these two challenges, we investigate the integration of queueing theory and scheduling. The former reasons about long-run stochastic system characteristics, whereas the latter typically deals with short-term combinatorics. We investigate two simple problems to isolate the core differences and potential synergies between the two approaches: a two-machine dynamic flowshop and a flexible queueing network. We show for the first time that stability, a fundamental characteristic in queueing theory, can be applied to approaches that periodically solve combinatorial scheduling problems. We empirically demonstrate that for a dynamic flowshop, the use of combinatorial reasoning has little impact on schedule quality beyond queueing approaches. In contrast, for the more complicated flexible queueing network, a novel algorithm that combines long-term guidance from queueing theory with short-term combinatorial decision making outperforms all other tested approaches. To our knowledge, this is the first time that such a hybrid of queueing theory and scheduling techniques has been proposed and evaluated.

scholarly journals Beirut under Russian rule. Part 2. The siege and the occupation (1773-1774)

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-33
Author(s):  
Taras Y. Kobishchanov
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
European Country ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Colonial Expansion ◽  
Short Period ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Town

During the Russian-Ottoman war of 1768-1774 Russia became the first European country that invaded Middle East in the Modern times and even for the short period occupied its part: the town of Beirut. The events that preceded the assault and capture of the town were fixed by the local chroniclers and Russian officers; as well they were reflected in the messages of Arab rulers and the reports of the diplomats residing in Syria. As a result the volumetric picture of the society is emerging that for the first time faced the colonial expansion of the modernized Europe. The second part of presented article presents the picture of life of the town during the siege of 1773 and its following Russian troops’ occupation, that at first indeed took place, and then imaginary. Special attention is paid to the changes in the system of co-existence of different ethno-religious communities of Beirut.

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