Kekerengu Fault, New Zealand: Timing and Size of Late Holocene Surface Ruptures

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 (3B) ◽  
pp. 1556-1572 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Little ◽  
R. Van Dissen ◽  
J. Kearse ◽  
K. Norton ◽  
A. Benson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Late Holocene ◽  
Surface Ruptures

scholarly journals A 2000 Yr Paleoearthquake Record along the Conway Segment of the Hope Fault: Implications for Patterns of Earthquake Occurrence in Northern South Island and Southern North Island, New Zealand

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (6) ◽  
pp. 2216-2239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra E. Hatem ◽  
James F. Dolan ◽  
Robert W. Zinke ◽  
Russell J. Van Dissen ◽  
Christopher M. McGuire ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Late Holocene ◽  
Plate Boundary ◽  
Slip Rate ◽  
Fault System ◽  
Recent Event ◽  
Radiocarbon Age ◽  
Earthquake Record ◽  
Surface Ruptures ◽  
Age Constraints

Abstract Paleoseismic trenches excavated at two sites reveal ages of late Holocene earthquakes along the Conway segment of the Hope fault, the fastest-slipping fault within the Marlborough fault system in northern South Island, New Zealand. At the Green Burn East (GBE) site, a fault-perpendicular trench exposed gravel colluvial wedges, fissure fills, and upward fault terminations associated with five paleo-surface ruptures. Radiocarbon age constraints indicate that these five earthquakes occurred after 36 B.C.E., with the four most recent surface ruptures occurring during a relatively brief period (550 yr) between about 1290 C.E. and the beginning of the historical earthquake record about 1840 C.E. Additional trenches at the Green Burn West (GBW) site 1.4 km west of GBE reveal four likely coseismically generated landslides that occurred at approximately the same times as the four most recent GBE paleoearthquakes, independently overlapping with age ranges of events GB1, GB2, and GB3 from GBE. Combining age constraints from both trench sites indicates that the most recent event (GB1) occurred between 1731 and 1840 C.E., the penultimate event GB2 occurred between 1657 and 1797 C.E., GB3 occurred between 1495 and 1611 C.E., GB4 occurred between 1290 and 1420 C.E., and GB5 occurred between 36 B.C.E. and 1275 C.E. These new data facilitate comparisons with similar paleoearthquake records from other faults within the Alpine–Hope–Jordan–Kekerengu–Needles–Wairarapa (Al-Hp-JKN-Wr) fault system of throughgoing, fast-slip-rate (≥10  mm/yr) reverse-dextral faults that accommodate a majority of Pacific–Australia relative plate boundary motion. These comparisons indicate that combinations of the faults of the Al-Hp-JKN-Wr system may commonly rupture within relatively brief, ≤100-year-long sequences, but that full “wall-to-wall” rupture sequences involving all faults in the system are rare over the span of our paleoearthquake data. Rather, the data suggest that the Al-Hp-JKN-Wr system may commonly rupture in subsequences that do not involve the entire system, and potentially, at least sometimes, in isolated events.

1995 Ruapehu lahars in relation to the late Holocene lahars of Whangaehu River, New Zealand

1997 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 507-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shane J. Cronin ◽  
K. A. Hodgson ◽  
V. E. Neall ◽  
A. S. Palmer ◽  
J.A. Lecointre
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Late Holocene

scholarly journals Late Holocene intensification of the westerly winds at the subantarctic Auckland Islands (51° S), New Zealand

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imogen M. Browne ◽  
Christopher M. Moy ◽  
Christina R. Riesselman ◽  
Helen L. Neil ◽  
Lorelei G. Curtin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Late Holocene ◽  
Drainage Basin ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Southern Annular Mode ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Westerly Winds ◽  
Latitudinal Position ◽  
Paleoclimate Records

Abstract. The Southern Hemisphere westerly winds (SHWW) play a major role in controlling wind-driven upwelling of Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) and outgassing of CO2 in the Southern Ocean on interannual to glacial-interglacial timescales. Despite their significance in the global carbon cycle, our understanding of millennial-scale changes in the strength and latitudinal position of the westerlies during the Holocene (especially since 5000 yr BP) is limited by a scarcity of paleoclimate records from comparable latitudes. Here, we reconstruct middle to late Holocene variability in the SHWW using a fjord sediment core collected from the subantarctic Auckland Islands (51° S, 166° E), located in the modern centre of the westerly wind belt. Drainage basin response to variability in the strength of the SHWW at this latitude is reconstructed from downcore variations in magnetic susceptibility (MS) and bulk organic δ13C and atomic C/N, which monitor influxes of lithogenous and terrestrial vs marine organic matter, respectively. The hydrographic response to SHWW variability is reconstructed using benthic foraminifer δ18O and δ13C, both of which are influenced by the isotopic composition of shelf water masses entering the fjord. Using these data, we provide marine and terrestrial-based evidence for increased wind strength from ~ 1600–900 yr BP at subantarctic latitudes that is broadly consistent with previous studies of vegetation response to climate at the Auckland Islands. Comparison with a SHWW reconstruction using similar proxies from Fiordland suggests a northward migration of the SHWW over New Zealand at the beginning of the Little Ice Age (LIA). Comparison with paleoclimate and paleoceanographic records from southern South America and the western Antarctic Peninsula indicates a late Holocene strengthening of the SHWW after ~ 1600 yr BP that appears to be broadly symmetrical across the Pacific basin, although our reconstruction suggests that this symmetry breaks down during the LIA. Contemporaneous increases in SHWW at localities either side of the Pacific in the late Holocene are likely controlled atmospheric teleconnections between the low and high latitudes and by variability in the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) and El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO).

scholarly journals Detection of Large Holocene Earthquakes in the Sedimentary Record of Wellington, New Zealand, Using Diatom Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Ursula Alyson Cochran
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Late Holocene ◽  
Weighted Averaging ◽  
Diatom Analysis ◽  
Sedimentary Record ◽  
Sedimentary Sequences ◽  
Quantitative Estimates ◽  
Modern Analogue ◽  
Environmental Transitions ◽  
Large Earthquakes

<p>New Zealand is situated on the boundary between the Pacific and Australian tectonic plates. The Wellington region lies near the southern end of the Hikurangi subduction zone and within a zone of major, active strike-slip faults. Wellington's paleoseismic and historic records indicate that large surface rupture earthquakes have occurred on these faults in the past. Development of a complete record of past large earthquakes is a high priority for the region because of the risk posed by occurrence of large earthquakes in the future. The existing paleoseismic record has been derived predominantly from studies of fault trench stratigraphy, raised beach ridges and offset river terraces. The sedimentary record of lakes and coastal waterbodies is a source of information that has not been used specifically for paleoseismic purposes in the region. Therefore investigation of Wellington's sedimentary record is used in this thesis to make a contribution to the paleoseismic record. Holocene sedimentary sequences are studied from three small, low elevation, coastal waterbodies: Taupo Swamp, Okupe Lagoon and Lake Kohangapiripiri. Sequences of between 200 and 650 cm depth were collected using a hand-operated coring device. Sedimentology and diatom microfossil content were analysed and interpreted to enable reconstruction of paleoenvironment at each site. Radiocarbon dating was used to provide chronologies for the sequences that are aged between 5000 and 7500 calibrated years before present (cal. years BP). Diatom analysis is the main tool used to reconstruct paleoenvironment and detect evidence for occurrence of past large earthquakes. To aid reconstruction of sedimentary sequences used in this project, as well as coastal sequences in New Zealand in general, a coastal diatom calibration set was constructed using 50 sites around New Zealand. Modern diatom distribution and abundance, and associated environmental variables are analysed using ordination and weighted averaging techniques. Detrended correspondence analysis arranges species according to salinity preferences and divides sites clearly into waterbody types along a coastal gradient. This analysis enables reconstruction of waterbody type from fossil samples by passive placement onto ordination diagrams. Weighted averaging regression of calibration set samples results in a high correlation (r2jack=0.84) between observed and diatom inferred salinity, and enables salinity preferences and tolerances to be derived for 100 species. This confirms for the first time that species' preferences derived in the Northern Hemisphere are generally applicable to diatoms living in the coastal zone of New Zealand. Weighted averaging calibration and the modern analogue technique are used to generate quantitative estimates of paleosalinity for fossil samples. Paleoenvironmental reconstructions of Taupo Swamp, Okupe Lagoon and Lake Kohangapiripiri indicate that each waterbody has been isolated from the sea during the late Holocene. Isolation has been achieved through interplay of sediment accumulation causing growth of barrier beaches, and coseismic uplift. Ten distinct transitions between different paleoenvironments are recognised from the three sequences. These transitions involve changes in relative sea level or water table level often in association with catchment disturbance or marine influx events. All transitions occur suddenly and are laterally extensive and synchronous within each waterbody. Quantitative estimates of paleosalinity and waterbody type are used to differentiate between large and small magnitude changes in paleoenvironment. Five transitions involve large amounts of paleoenvironmental change and provide evidence for earthquakes occurring at approximately 5200, approximately 3200, and approximately 2300 cal. years BP. Five other transitions are consistent with the effects of large earthquakes occurring at approximately 6800, 2200, approximately 1000, approximately 500 cal. years BP and 1855 AD but do not provide independent evidence of the events. Environmental transitions at Lake Kohangapiripiri clarify the timing of rupture of the Wairarapa Fault by bracketing incompatible age estimates derived from two different sites on the fault. The oldest environmental transitions recognised at Taupo Swamp and Okupe Lagoon both occur at approximately 3200 cal. years BP indicating that western Wellington was uplifted at this time. Environmental transitions are recorded at all three study sites at approximately 2300 cal. years BP indicating that the entire western and central Wellington region experienced coseismic uplift at this time. Because of the distance between sites this apparent synchroneity implies that several faults in the region ruptured at a similar time. Investigation of sedimentary sequences contributes to the existing paleoseismic record by providing additional estimates of timing for past large earthquakes, enabling estimation of the areal extent of the effects of past earthquakes, and by highlighting periods of fault rupture activity in the late Holocene.</p>

scholarly journals Late Holocene sea-level changes and vertical land movements in New Zealand

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Daniel J. King ◽  
Rewi M. Newnham ◽  
W. Roland Gehrels ◽  
Kate J. Clark
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Late Holocene ◽  
Sea Level Changes ◽  
Holocene Sea Level

Kelp DNA records late Holocene paleoseismic uplift of coastline, southeastern New Zealand

2019 ◽  
Vol 520 ◽  
pp. 18-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elahe Parvizi ◽  
Dave Craw ◽  
Jonathan M. Waters
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Late Holocene
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