scholarly journals Modeling of fungal mycelium growth by fourth-class continuous stochastic cellular automaton with continuously defined growth conditions

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 98-102
Author(s):  
Anatoliy Sergeevich Shumilov ◽  
Sergey Alexandrovich Blagodatsky
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Cellular Automaton ◽  
Colony Growth ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Fungal Mycelium ◽  
Mycelium Growth ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Area Unit ◽  
Fungal Colony

The aim of this work was to simulate the growth and spatial structure of the fungal mycelium using a cellular automaton based on the synthesis of various model approaches. The spatial structure of the mycelium is described in the structural submodel of the cellular automaton, which determines the growth rate in the direction of larger resource amount and the number of branches of the mycelium per area unit. The amount of available substrate determines the probability of unidirectional apical growth. Another, biochemical part of the model allows us to describe the rate of transport of resources into the cell, their transport within the mycelium, and also their excretion, and is intended to describe the vertical and horizontal migration in the soil of two nutrients. The proposed model makes it possible to quantitatively describe such a feature of fungal colony growth as more active absorption of resources by external cells, compared to central ones due to separation of transport resources into active and passive resources. The active transport was described using the Michaelis-Menten kinetics. We were able to simulate the stockpiling of surplus resources and their redistribution over the mycelium after the exhaustion of reserves in the external environment, and also to simulate typical growth patterns of mycelial colonies that were observed in experiments published in the literature.

scholarly journals Butterfly effect and spatial structure of information spreading in a chaotic cellular automaton

2021 ◽  
Vol 103 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu-Wei Liu ◽  
J. Willsher ◽  
T. Bilitewski ◽  
Jin-Jie Li ◽  
A. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Cellular Automaton ◽  
Information Spreading ◽  
Butterfly Effect

scholarly journals TOXICITY TEST OF Gracilaria sp. AGAINST Aspergillus niger van Tieghem AND THE PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Nevy Widya Pangestika ◽  
I Gede Putu Wirawan ◽  
I Ketut Suada
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Colony Growth ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Activity Test ◽  
Concentration Test ◽  
Growth Of Fungi ◽  
Fungal Colony

 The purpose of this study was to know the effectiveness of Gracilaria sp. ethanol extract to inhibit the growth of Aspergillus niger. The results showed that the ethanol extract of Gracilaria sp. was not effective to inhibit the growth of A. niger. The minimum inhibitory concentration test (MIC) was carried out using extracts with 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7 %, 0.8 %, 0.9%, 1%, 2% and 0% percentage. The MIC results showed that the minimum extract inhibiting A. niger was 0.8%. The results of the antifungal activity test showed that the ethanol extract of Gracilaria sp. was fungistatic against A. niger. On the third day incubation, the 4% extract inhibited the growth of fungi with an average diameter of 5 mm. The fungal colony test was carried out using extract with 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 4% and 0% concentration, and the results showed that extract with 4% concentration can inhibit fungi colony growth by 69%. Phytochemical analysis was conducted using the UV-Vis Spectrophotometry, and the results showed that the ethanol extract of Gracilaria sp. contained 366.33 mg/100g/GAE phenol, 2041.47 mg/100g flavonoids, and 3041.60 mg/100g/TAE tannins. Tannins are suspected to be the most dominant fungistatic compound with the largest amount.

A Parsimonious Number of Growth Curves

1993 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 132-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris Zeide
Keyword(s):  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Construction Methods ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Site Index Curve ◽  
Index Curve

Abstract Construction of new site index curves is often justified by a lack of growth information for a given species and site. This justification presumes that there is a one-to-one correspondence between growth pattern and stand conditions which are determined by numerous genetic and ecological factors together with their complex interactions. Because these factors are combined in an infinite number of ways, each stand is unique and needs its own site index curve. The effort required for collecting growth information would be prohibitive. This effort is also unnecessary because many existing curves coincide with each other and are, therefore, redundant. Differences in species, site, and construction methods do not prevent the appearance of the same growth patterns. These facts indicate that unique growth conditions do not mean that each stand has a unique growth pattern. Therefore, a more productive approach to growth modeling consists of distilling these patterns from existing curves and yield tables rather than piling up more new site index curves. Earlier investigations showed that the diversity in growth curves can be reduced to a small number (15-30) of growth types. The present study demonstrates that the number of types can be further reduced to 3-5 without sacrificing accuracy of growth predictions. North. J. Appl. For. 10(3):132-136.

Growth of morel mushroom mycelium in cheese whey

1981 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naim Kosaric ◽  
Nabuo Miyata
Keyword(s):  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Cheese Whey ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Inoculum Size ◽  
Submerged Cultivation ◽  
Mycelium Growth ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
Morel Mushroom

SummaryCheese whey was used as substrate for submerged cultivation of 8 strains of 6 species of edible mushrooms (morel mushroom):Morchella crassipes(3 strains),M. angusticeps, M. rotunda, M. deliciosa, M. esculentaand an unidentifiedMorchellasp. Best growth of morel mushroom mycelium was obtained with one of theM. crassipesstrains. The optimum growth conditions for the selected mycelium were as follows: initial pH, ~ 5·0–5·5; temperature, 25–28°C; inoculum size, 150–250 mg mycelium/100 ml whey; N sources: peptone and yeast extract; trace elements: K and Fe. More than 20 g/l mycelium was harvested in the form of pellets. Some growth kinetics studies were also performed. The initial carbohydrate (lactose) content was reduced from 5 to 0·4% at the end of the cultivation period. The specific growth rate ofM. crassipesATCC 13227 was from 1.0 to 6·4 x 10–2, depending on the growth phase. The harvested biomass contained about 45% protein, 5% fat and 8·5% ash (on a dry-weight basis). Essential amino acid content was comparable to the FAO standard, except for methionine, and unsaturated fatty acids predominated in the fat. The results with whey are compared with previously reported data on morel mushroom mycelium growth on waste sulphite liquors.

scholarly journals Modelling Signal Controlled Traffic Based on Driving Behaviors

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Yang Wang ◽  
Yanyan Chen ◽  
Ning Chen
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Automaton ◽  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Traffic Signal ◽  
Cellular Automaton Model ◽  
Urban Traffic ◽  
Road Segment ◽  
Traffic Light ◽  
Driving Behaviors ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Anticipatory Behavior

In urban traffic, of particular interest the traffic breakdown which is primarily resulted from the driving behaviors is emerged to respond to the traffic signal. To investigate the influences of driving behaviors on the traffic breakdown, a cellular automaton model has been developed by incorporating a number of driving behaviors typically manifesting during the different stages when the vehicle approaching a traffic light. Numerical simulations have been performed based on a road segment consisting of three sections and each section is associated with a set of rules. The numerical simulations have demonstrated that the proposed model is capable of producing the time-delayed traffic breakdown and the dissolution of the oversaturated traffic. Furthermore, it has been evidenced that the probability of the traffic breakdown can be increased by involving the slow-to-start behavior. However, the activation of the anticipatory behavior can effectively impede the transition from undersaturated to oversaturated traffic. Finally, the contributions of the driving behaviors on the traffic breakdown have been quantitatively examined.

Biological Activity of Gold Nanoparticles towards Filamentous Pathogenic Fungi

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 11-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geovana Dagostim Savi ◽  
Marcos Marques da Silva Paula ◽  
Jonathann Corrêa Possato ◽  
Tatiana Barichello ◽  
Denise Castagnaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Colony Growth ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Penicillium Citrinum ◽  
Growth Reduction ◽  
Treatment Control ◽  
Fungal Colony

Gold nanoparticles (GNP) were synthesized, characterized and their antifungal activities investigated against three pathogenic fungi of different genera and species (Fusarium verticillioides,Penicillium citrinumandAspergillus flavus). The anti-fungi treatments efficiency of the GNP (concentrations: 0, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 mg L-1in PDA media) were evaluated at 2, 4, 6 and 8 days after incubation by measuring the diameter of fungal colonies and investigating fungi structure alterations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was observed that the GNP concentration increased, fungal colony growth diameter reduced. However, the highest GNP concentration applied in the experiment was not able to completely inhibit fungal growth. The SEM analysis of the fungi structure Au treated showed damaged hyphae and unusual bulges that were not observed in fungi that growth on medium without treatment (Control). Although up to the highest concentration of GNP media applied did not completely inhibited fungi growth, the hyphae modifications led growth reduction which could influence the toxins production by these fungi.

Ligninolytic characteristics of Pleurotus ostreatus strain F6 and its monokaryotic protoplast derivative P19

2000 ◽  
Vol 46 (12) ◽  
pp. 1153-1158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivana Eichlerová ◽  
Katia Ruel ◽  
Ladislav Homolka ◽  
Jean-Paul Joseleau ◽  
František Nerud
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Pleurotus Ostreatus ◽  
Type Strain ◽  
Wild Type Strain ◽  
Xylanase Activity ◽  
Cellulase Activity ◽  
Fungal Mycelium ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Wood Degradation ◽  
Mycelium Growth

A stable isolate of Pleurotus ostreatus P19 differing in some morphological and physiological characteristics from its parental wild-type strain F6 was obtained via protoplast isolation during the preparation of strains with altered ligninolytic abilities. The isolate is monokaryotic, does not form clamp-connections, and produces much higher activities of enzymes involved in lignin modification (laccase, manganese peroxidase). Cellulase activity was comparable to that of wild-type strain F6, but the xylanase activity was slightly higher in isolate P19. However, this monokaryotic derivative degrades lignin at a slightly lower rate than its parental strain F6. Electron microscopy observations of wood degradation as a function of mycelium growth were performed on three zones of birch wafers delimited according to the distance from the point of inoculation. The different stages of fungal mycelium growth showed differences in the ultrastructural patterns of the decay not only between the strains P19 and F6, but also depending on the distance from the point of inoculation. This suggests a spatio-temporally controlled secretion of enzymes along the hyphae. The enhanced ability of P19 to degrade the condensed forms of lignin in middle lamellae is correlated to its higher laccase activity.Key words: electron microscopy, ligninolytic enzymes, Pleurotus ostreatus, wood degradation.

scholarly journals Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofiber mats for mushroom mycelium growth investigations and formation of mycelium-reinforced nanocomposites

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 155892502110379
Author(s):  
Marah Trabelsi ◽  
Al Mamun ◽  
Michaela Klöcker ◽  
Bennet Brockhagen ◽  
Franziska Kinzel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Saving ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Fungal Mycelium ◽  
Mycelium Growth ◽  
Additional Tool ◽  
Composite Fabrication ◽  
Synthetic Materials ◽  
Nanofiber Mats ◽  
Pan Nanofiber

Mycelium-bound composites are new environmentally friendly, cost-effective and sustainable materials, enable energy-saving bio-composite fabrication, and provide an alternative to synthetic materials. Current research on mycelium-based composites reports on relatively coarse material compositions such as rice husks, cotton residues, sawdust, leaves and bio-waste, etc. According to research, very few publications report on mycelium-reinforced composites with the use of nanomaterials and this topic is under-researched and this study helps to fill this gap. The focus of this study deals with the preparation of mycelium-reinforced nanocomposites including nanofiber mats and the investigation of the different nanofiber mat morphologies on the growth of fungal mycelium. The mycelium macrofibers from Pleurotus ostreatus fungi were grown on polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofiber mats. Different morphologies of nanofiber mats such as fibrous and non-fibrous membrane areas or a mixture of both were used for mycelial growth with an additional nutrient. Moreover, mycelium/PAN nanocomposites were oxidative stabilized and carbonized and mycelium retains its morphology. For faster color differentiation between mycelium and nanofibers, PAN nanofiber mats were dyed in a one-step process by adding dye powder to the electrospinning solution as an additional tool. No significant differences in mycelial growth and morphology were observed regarding the different nanofiber mat types and the use of dye. These mycelium-reinforced nanocomposites are promising for many applications such as medicine and biotechnology, air and water purification and filtration, vertical farming, architecture, etc., and enable energy-saving bio-composite fabrication.

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