scholarly journals Daily activity time budgets of leaf-beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) at different stages of their generation cycle

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-51
Author(s):  
Sergey Ivanovich Pavlov
Keyword(s):  
Motor Activity ◽  
Light Period ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Time Budgets ◽  
Behavioral Reactions ◽  
Leaf Beetles ◽  
Motor Responses ◽  
Generation Cycle ◽  
One Year ◽  
Biological Program

Native (natural) motor responses in the active life phases (adult and larvae) of 4 species of leaf-beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) of a one-year generation were studied in natural and laboratory conditions in the Samara region during 1974-2010. Depending on the dominant biological program at each stage of ontogenesis, type of motor activity (specific movements) and time budgets for the implementation of these movements, the entire generation (reproductive) cycle was divided into 4 stages - the functional unit of behavioral reactions. These powers include - precopulatory period (puberty adult), stage of copulation (mating adults), the stage of ovulation (the maturation and oviposition) and the stage of embryogenesis (hatching and larvae development). The dynamics of the duration of the light period of the day (when the beetles are active) is considered throughout the observation period. The duration of useful time of the light period of the day (for this latitude) is calculated, i.e. the astronomical day length minus the length of morning and evening twilight (when it is relatively cold, the dew falls, and the insects are inactive), exactly the period when the beetles are most mobile. Real time budgets of motor activity in the period of daylight hours at different stages of the lasting cycle are estimated. The main types of motor responses of leaf beetles are recorded and examined. It is established that all in all there are 13 such reactions, of them 5 are common for all stages, 8 are specific.

scholarly journals General strategy of leaf beetles reproductive behavior (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-66
Author(s):  
Sergey Ivanovich Pavlov
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Behavior ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
General Strategy ◽  
Behavioral Reactions ◽  
Reproductive Process ◽  
Leaf Beetles ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Generation Cycle ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Final Cleaning

Reproductive behavior of 25 background species leaf beetles was studied in the conditions of Samara Region during 1974-2014 (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). Strategy of adults reproductive behavior, which fundamentally different from individuals of the opposite sex is a complex includes more than 60 types of locomotion behavioral reactions and aimed to attracting the active partner, usually the male, search and preparation of the female for the mate as final stage of the reproductive process. Adult-female undergoes five stages of reproductive transformation accompanied by 18 types of behavioral reactions after emergence. There are food of ripening, involvement of species-specific male of attractant, mating, ovulation and egg laying. Adult-male overcomes five stages too, provided almost by 30 types of behavioral reactions in the course of life. There are preparation, mating, and food maturation, search for females training females to mating, mating, and post-nuptial final cleaning. Temporal and physical resource of female and male survival in different situations, as well as time budgets, of both sexes daily activity at different stages of its generation cycle estimated. Occurrence of non-standard reproductive situations or failures, which are explained by objective reasons, for example errors in chemonavigation of males, violation of a genetically programmed sequence of stages of behavior, inconsistency sexual cycles of the partners discusses.

In vivo changes in the intestinal reflexes and the response to CCK in the inflamed small intestine of the rat

2000 ◽  
Vol 279 (3) ◽  
pp. G543-G551 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Torrents ◽  
P. Vergara
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Motor Activity ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Trichinella Spiralis ◽  
Motor Responses ◽  
Morphological Alterations ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Residual Response ◽  
Abnormal Motor

Functional motor changes and morphological alterations have been associated with intestinal inflammation. The aim of our study was to evaluate functional alterations of intestinal reflexes and of the responses to CCK in the Trichinella spiralis model of intestinal inflammation. Rats were prepared with strain gauges and electrodes in the small intestine to evaluate spontaneous motor activity, the ascending contraction of the peristaltic reflex, and the motor responses to CCK-8 infusion. Infected animals showed increased motor activity at the duodenum and jejunum but not at the ileum. Ascending contraction was increased in both duodenum and ileum. Ascending excitation after Nω-nitro-l-arginine was still increased as well as the residual response after atropine. Response to CCK-8 during intestinal inflammation was changed in the jejunum, in which it turned from the inhibition shown in healthy animals to excitation. NADPH-diaphorase staining did not show any changes between distribution and density of positive neurons in either healthy or infected animals. In conclusion, intestinal inflammation induces functional changes in the motor activity that could explain the abnormal motor responses observed in inflammatory disorders.

Interrelationships among Activity Variables in One-Year-Old Infants

1976 ◽  
Vol 42 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1103-1106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen W. Gottfried
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Motor Activity ◽  
Free Play ◽  
Objective Measures ◽  
Ambulatory Activity ◽  
Theoretical Position ◽  
Activity Measures ◽  
One Year ◽  
Investigatory Activity ◽  
Activity Variables

The interrelationships among three categories of objective measures of activity were investigated: (a) motor activity, (b) ambulatory activity, and (c) investigatory activity. Activities were assessed during a standardized free-play situation. A factor analysis of the activity measures yielded no unitary dimension of activity but rather multidimensional or specific components of activity. The results supported the theoretical position that activity should be viewed not as homogeneous but as a differentiated construct.

Motor reflexes of stomach elicited by phenyldiguanide in the rat

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 352-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. Rao
Keyword(s):  
Motor Activity ◽  
Motor Response ◽  
Sympathetic Nerves ◽  
Vagal Afferents ◽  
Intragastric Pressure ◽  
Motor Responses ◽  
Efferent System ◽  
Efferent Pathway ◽  
Cervical Vagotomy ◽  
Stimulation Of

Intragastric pressure (IGP) as an index of gastric motor activity was used to investigate gastric motor responses elicited by phenyldiguanide (PDG) in rats under pentobarbitone anaesthesia. Phenyldiguanide injected into the atrium produced an inhibitory gastric motor response whereas an aortic injection resulted in an increase in IGP. Intracarotid injections were without effect. Atropine reduced the response to atrial PDG but not to aortic PDG. Cervical vagotomy abolished the response to both atrial and aortic PDG. Guanethidine and spinal transection abolished the response to atrial PDG only. It is concluded that PDG acts by stimulation of nonmedullated vagal afferents. The efferent pathway for PDG-evoked gastric relaxation is through sympathetic nerves and the efferent system for gastric contraction involves a noncholinergic, nonadrenergic excitatory mechanism.

scholarly journals Flower Initiation and Tassel Emergence in Sugarcane

1969 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-113
Author(s):  
Teh-ling Chu ◽  
J. L. Serapión
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Floral Initiation ◽  
Significant Delay ◽  
Sugarcane Varieties ◽  
Predominant Factor ◽  
One Year ◽  
Time Required

Stem apices of 78 sugarcane varieties were examined microscopically to determine the precise date of flower initiation during the 1967 and 1969 flowering periods at Gurabo Substation, P.R. A stage method for measuring floral initiation was developed and adopted. It was found that flower initiation or the formation of flower primordial is not simultaneous among all varieties of sugarcane. Initiation time was found to vary from September 1 to September 30. The model day-length for floral initiation in Puerto Rico (latitude 18° N.) appears to be 12 hours, 7 to 17 minutes. Both time of initiation and speed of inflorescence growth and development was found to be related to the time of flowering. The time required for the development and elongation of inflorescences was from 7 to 10 weeks in 90 percent of the varieties. The time of initiation in respective varieties is fairly constant from one year to the next. This indicates that flower initiation in sugarcane is determined primarily by photoperiod. However, as indicated in these studies, both low temperature and moisture stress were regarded as important factors in delaying the time of flower initiation. Moisture stress during 1967 appeared to be the predominant factor causing significant delay in the time of tassel emergence among the majority of varieties studied.

scholarly journals Expression of coffee florigen CaFT1 reveals a sustained floral induction window associated with asynchronous flowering in tropical perennials

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Henrique Cardon ◽  
Raphael Ricon de Oliveira ◽  
Victoria Lesy ◽  
Thales Henrique Cherubino Ribeiro ◽  
Luisa Peloso Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Floral Induction ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Yeast Two Hybrid ◽  
Flowering Locus T ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Regulatory Pathways ◽  
The Face ◽  
Flowering Locus ◽  
One Year ◽  
Two Hybrid

The behavior of florigen(s) and environment-influenced regulatory pathways that control flowering in tropical perennials with complex phenological cycles is poorly understood. Understanding the mechanisms underlying this process is important for food production in the face of climate change. To explore this, homologs of Arabidopsis florigen FLOWERING LOCUS T (CaFT1) and environment-related regulators CONSTANS (CO), PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4 (PIF4) and FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) were isolated from Coffea sp. L. (Rubiaceae). Overexpression of CaFT1 in Arabidopsis showed typical early-flowering and yeast two hybrid studies indicated CaFT1 binding to bZIP floral regulator, FD, demonstrates that CaFT1 is a coffee orthologue of florigen. Expression of CaFT1 and floral regulators were evaluated over one year using three contrasting genotypes: two C. arabica and one C. canephora. All genotypes showed active CaFT1 transcription from February until October, indicating a potential window for floral induction. CaCO expression, as expected, varied over the day period and monthly with day length, whereas expression of temperature-responsive homologs, CaFLC and CaPIF4, did not correlate with temperature changes. Using coffee as a model, we suggest a continuum of floral induction that allows different starting points for floral activation, which explains developmental asynchronicity and prolonged anthesis events in tropical perennial species.

scholarly journals The Development of Motor Responses in the Stomach of the Foetal Sheep

1951 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-40
Author(s):  
D. L. DUNCAN ◽  
A. T. PHILLIPSON
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Motor Activity ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
The State ◽  
Motor Responses ◽  
Sustained Activity ◽  
Stimulation Of

The state of motor activity of the stomach was studied in a series of foetal sheep. The non-functional period was found to end between the 50th and 60th days of gestation. Sustained activity was preceded by short periods of myogenic and neuromotor activity, and was not in evidence until the 70th day. Foetal swallowing commenced soon after this, but the pattern of suckling behaviour developed gradually over an extended period. The motor mechanisms mediated by the vagus were studied by section and electrical stimulation of the nerve.

scholarly journals Functional Coordination of Motor Activity in Colonic Smooth Muscles in Rat Experimental Model

2011 ◽  
pp. 659-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. NEDIALKOVA ◽  
G. STAVREVA ◽  
N. NEGREV ◽  
C. IVANCHEVA ◽  
R. RADOMIROV
Keyword(s):  
Motor Activity ◽  
Longitudinal Muscle ◽  
Smooth Muscles ◽  
Circular Muscle ◽  
Electrical Field Stimulation ◽  
High Amplitude ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Organ Bath ◽  
Motor Responses ◽  
Reflex Pathways

Spontaneous and electrically-elicited motor activity was recorded by triple organ bath in rat segment-model preparation as display of excitation of local nerve networks and ascending or descending reflex pathways underlying contractile potency and functional coordination of colonic longitudinal and circular muscles. Spontaneous high-amplitude contractions, but not relaxations, appeared synchronously in both muscles. Electrical field stimulation applied to proximal or distal part of segments elicited both tetrodotoxin (0.1 µM)-sensitive local motor responses of the stimulated part and ascending or descending motor responses of the contralateral, nonstimulated part of the preparations. Contractions characterized the local response of longitudinal muscle. The circular muscle responded with relaxation followed by contraction. Synchronous ascending contractions and descending contraction of the longitudinal muscle and relaxation followed by contraction of the circular muscle were observed when the middle part of segments was stimulated, thus indicating that locally-induced nerve excitation propagated via intrinsic ascending or descending nerve pathways that could be synchronously coactivated by one and the same stimulus. The ascending motor responses were more pronounced and the motor responses of longitudinal muscle were expressed more than those of circular muscle suggesting an essential role of ascending reflex pathways and longitudinal muscle in the coordinated motor activity of colon.

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