scholarly journals THE INVESTIGATION OF METHODS TO APPLY OF «TEXTILE» IMPRINTS ON D'YAKOVO CULTUR CERAMICS

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 107-113
Author(s):  
Olga Anatolievna Lopatina
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Cultural Tradition ◽  
Longitudinal Edge ◽  
The Difference

The article contains the results of reconstruction of techniques and instruments, which made textile imprints appear on surface of D'yakovo pottery. The following techniques could cause the appearence of such imprints: 1) constructing in relief concave-forms, 2) paddling, 3) rouletting, 4) punching Experimental evidence allowed to prove that the textile imprints were mainly the result of rouletting. Special research permitted to establish some srecific signs of roueletting by the example of pottery wholly coverd with impressions of cord (nitochnyje). The difference between the similar instruments - the roller winded with thread and the plate paddle winded with tread - were revealed. The technique of rouelling was revealed concerning one more group of pottery - the speckled (ryabchatyje) one. The instrument which was used to apply such imprints was also reconstructed. It is the fir cones with partly removed scales. The scales of the cone could be intentionally removed by a human or eaten round by the rodents. Specifity of the traces of the partly removed scales consists in the special outline of the scales, the imprints of the fibre, the traces of rodents' teeth, the imprints of the longitudinal edge of the scales. The amount of the examined imprints allows to talk about the existence of a certain cultural tradition in the sphere of D'yakovo pottery.

The Sources of Law[121]

2019 ◽  
pp. 89-126
Author(s):  
Alf Ross
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Legal Theory ◽  
Legal Positivism ◽  
Cultural Tradition ◽  
Legal Systems ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Realist Perspective

This chapter identifies the ideology of the sources of law in the sense of determining the general sources through which judges form their beliefs about the validity of individual legal rules. In accordance with the norm-descriptive perspective, the focus is on identifying the ideology of the sources of law that is actually held by judges. As part of scientifically valid law, the ideology of the sources of law varies from one legal system to another. The task for general legal theory can therefore only consist in stating and characterizing certain general types of sources of law, which experience tells us are found in all well-developed legal systems where they are found to determine how courts proceed in their search for the norms on which they base their decision. This chapter identifies four such sources of law and considers the degree of objectification or positivization possessed by each of these types of sources. Specifically, it discusses the completely objectivized type of source: authoritative formulations (legislation in its widest sense); and the partially objectivized types of source: precedent and custom; and the non-objectivized, ‘free’ type of source: ‘cultural tradition’ or ‘the nature of the matter’. Countenancing the latter as a scientifically valid source of law, is further argued to highlight the difference between the author’s legal realist perspective and the formalist perspective characteristic of legal positivism.

The effect of dialectal variation on word recognition

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 535-568
Author(s):  
Yu-An Lu
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Repetition Priming ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dialectal Variation ◽  
Southern Min ◽  
Variant Frequency ◽  
Chinese Dialect ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Previous studies on Chinese dialect variation have mostly focused on the description of dialects, the regions where these dialects are spoken, attitudes towards dialects, and acoustic differences across dialects. The present study draws on experimental evidence concerning a vowel difference in two Taiwan Southern Min (TSM) dialects to provide more understanding on how non-contrastive, dialectal variations may affect speakers’ processing of speech. The variation of interest is a phonemic difference, [ə] and [ɔ], in the vowel inventory in two TSM dialects, in which the difference signals a lexical contrast in one dialect (e.g. [ə-a] ‘oyster’ vs. [ɔ-a] ‘taro’) but not in the other ([ɔ-a] ‘oyster, taro’). A long-term repetition-priming experiment investigating the word recognition involving the two vowels revealed a dialect effect on TSM speakers’ word recognition in accordance with prior exposure, native-ness and variant frequency. Implications of the findings are provided.

scholarly journals 病人自主性與家庭本位主義之間的張力

2002 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-84
Author(s):  
Jin-cheng LEI ◽  
Zhi-qing XIE
Keyword(s):  
Informed Consent ◽  
Basic Unit ◽  
Individual Autonomy ◽  
Cultural Tradition ◽  
The West ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
Patient’S Autonomy ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.在中國幾千年小農經濟和傳統文化背景下，個人利益、個人權利一直被置於家庭之下，個人自主性被包含在家庭自主性之內，表現為一種家庭本位主義。源自西方歷史、文化的知情同意移植到中國後，受傳統文化概念的影響，中國人對知情同意的認知、理解以及實踐方式均不同於西方人。這種不同集中表現在人們對家屬同意權的認可。以個人本位主義為背景的病人自主性與中國文化中的家庭本位主義之間存在張力。對知情同意在不同文化環境中不同踐行方式，應以文化寬容主義的態度對待之。不同文化背景下的倫理觀念，不僅存在差異性，而且也存在可通約性和相容性。由於種種原因，家庭同意並不能等同於病人本人的意願。隨著全球化進程的加速和人們相互交往的密切，類似知情同意這樣一些原本屬於個人的自然權利，將會愈來愈多地為各國人民接受。我們應當在某些條件具備時，盡可能地將家屬同意限制在合理的範圍，讓病人更好地表達自己的意願。Family has a long history. With China's small-scale peasant economy and traditional cultural background for centuries, family has been the most basic unit of polity, economy, and socio-cultural life. Interests and rights of the individual are always placed below those of family; individual autonomy is often included in family autonomy. All this can be called familism. There are deeper and determining economic reasons for familism. The economy of the family is controlled by the head of the family or clan so that the individual usually has no independent economic measures to support his or her autonomous rights.Informed consent originated in the Western culture. The theoretical premise of informed consent is respect for the patient's autonomy. The patient's autonomy is closely related with individualism in the West. After informed consent is spread from the West to China, due to the influence of traditional Chinese culture, the Chinese perception, understanding, and practice of are different from those of the West. The difference mainly lies in Chinese familism. To focus on the autonomy of the family reflects the influence of traditional familism upon informed consent. As a result, there exits a tension between the patient's autonomy based on individualism and familism in Chinese culture.Informed consent is not a culture issue, but it is closely related with cultural tradition. It is impossible to get away with cultural norms in the practice of informed consent. To different practicing methods of informed consent in different cultural contexts, the spirit of cultural tolerance is needed. In China, with the principle of cultural tolerance as a practical guidance, we should establish a set of procedure and ways of practicing informed consent with Chinese characteristics. Fundamentally, informed consent is to balance the unbalanced power between doctors and patients. According to the principle of cultural tolerance, the difference in the practice of informed consent at different cultural contexts should be tolerated so long as the basic purpose of informed consent is not violated. There exists a variety of cultural ideas among contemporary Chinese. The individual patient and his or her family are essential part of informed consent, with both having their rationality. Thus, we shouldn't reject absolutely some methods. From the angle of historical development, it is worthwhile noticing the transformation from family determination to individual autonomy. National and cultural differences are integrating in the age of globalization. Since laws, ethics, and customs in different countries and cultures are mutually exchanging, we should promote to make the practice of informed consent to become similar.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 35 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.

On the Difference between the Lexicon and Computation (Regarding Slavic Yers)

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 197-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Scheer
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Central Idea ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Major Objection ◽  
Empirical Material

This article discusses three concerns regarding Becker and Gouskova’s (2016) analysis of Russian yers that relies on cluster-based yer vocalization and two sublexicons (morphemes with and without yers), to which lexically specific constraints refer. First, it misses the basic generalization about Slavic yers expressed by the established analysis (Lower): yer vocalization is triggered by five different mechanisms, instead of one mechanism under Lower. It is further shown that the major objection against Lower disappears when the existence of final empty nuclei is recognized. Second, Becker and Gouskova confound generalizations about the lexical distribution of yers in morphemes and the computational mechanism that decides which yers appear on the surface. They argue that Lower was established before relevant cluster-based generalizations were discovered, hence misses out on relevant empirical material that invalidates its central idea, that clusters are irrelevant for yer vocalization. However, the phenomena their argument is based on do not concern yer vocalization (computation): they are lexical in kind and therefore confirm the irrelevance of clusters for yer vocalization, supporting Lower. Third, although generalizations about yer-deletion-created clusters are central for Becker and Gouskova’s analysis, they are irrelevant for learners (children or adults). The authors’ experimental evidence precisely shows that speakers are happy to lexicalize and compute sequences (such as yerCC) that are absent from the lexicon. The gaps at hand are thus accidental, rather than systematic.

scholarly journals Experiments on the Influence of Fatness on Susceptibility to Caisson Disease

1908 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Boycott ◽  
G. C. C. Damant
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Weight Factor ◽  
Individual Susceptibility ◽  
Per Se ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Caisson Disease ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

All seven series give answers in the same sense, and we may conclude that we have definite experimental evidence that fatness increases the susceptibility to death from caisson disease. The regularity of the results in the guinea-pig experiments suggests that fatness is here the predominant influence in individual susceptibility. The difference in weight between the “survived” and ‘died” is not always in the same sense, and is in no case very large. The weight factor may therefore be relatively excluded in considering these results : indirectly it is of influence in that rats, like men, tend to become fatter as they grow older. Our results show pretty clearly that females are fatter than males, and, in the guinea-pig series, much more susceptible. Femality, like age, is not a quality which can per se have any influence on susceptibility. The increased susceptibility of females is probably simply due to their increased fatness, which tends to further increase during pregnancy. With regard to symptoms other than death our evidence is very meagre. Some symptoms, e.g. bends, may be presumed to be independent of fatness.

Proximate and ultimate causes of punishment and strong reciprocity

2012 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pat Barclay
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Strong Reciprocity ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Proximate Causes ◽  
The Difference

AbstractWhile admirable, Guala's discussion of reciprocity suffers from a confusion between proximate causes (psychological mechanisms triggering behaviour) and ultimate causes (evolved function of those psychological mechanisms). Because much work on “strong reciprocity” commits this error, I clarify the difference between proximate and ultimate causes of cooperation and punishment. I also caution against hasty rejections of “wide readings” of experimental evidence.

An Experimental Investigation of Edge Strain and Bow in Roll Forming a V-Section

2013 ◽  
Vol 773-774 ◽  
pp. 153-159
Author(s):  
Buddhika Abeyrathna ◽  
Bernard Rolfe ◽  
Peter D. Hodgson ◽  
Matthias Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Yield Strength ◽  
Dual Phase Steel ◽  
Roll Forming ◽  
Scanning System ◽  
Dual Phase ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Steel Strips ◽  
Longitudinal Edge ◽  
Longitudinal Bow ◽  
The Difference

V-sections were roll formed from two grades of steel, and the strain on the top and bottom of the strip near the edge was measured using electrical resistance strain gauges. The channels were bent to a radius of 2 and 15 mm along the centerline. The steel strips were of mild and dual phase steel of yield strength 367 MPa and 597 MPa respectively. The longitudinal bow was measured using a 3-dimensional scanning system. The strain measurements were analysed to determine bending and mid-surface strains at the edge during forming. The peak longitudinal edge strain increased with material yield strength for both profile radii. For the 15 mm radius, the bow was larger in the dual phase steel than in the mild steel. For the 2 mm profile radius, the bow was smaller compared with the 15 mm profile radius and it was similar for both steels. It was observed that the difference between the peak longitudinal edge strain and yield strength to Youngs modulus ratio of the material is an important factor in determining longitudinal bow.

scholarly journals How to Domesticate Otherness: Three Metaphors of Otherness in the European Cultural Tradition

Paideusis ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 33-43
Author(s):  
Robi Kroflic
Keyword(s):  
Life Experience ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cultural Tradition ◽  
Collective Identities ◽  
Educational Processes ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference

Individual and collective identities always develop in relation to the other as different, and in this process, the otherness is always subjected to the attempts of cultivation/domestication. In the history of European thought, we can recognize three metaphors which express the impossibility of seeing the other as different: the metaphors of The Leper, The Court Fool and The Noble Savage. They developed on the basis of the relationship between the difference and common rationality, which means that a more inclusive relationship to otherness as a conversational ideal could be formed if we were able shift the emphasis of ethical discourse from the universal concept of autonomy to respect for authenticity and to Levinas’s ethics of “the face of the other”. Such a step requires a radical change of discursive practices of all involved in the educational processes. That is why I propose the principle of observing the face of the other as different in both real-life experience and in expressive images of art, as well as the recognition and acceptance of otherness at the very core of our own identity.

scholarly journals THE SIZE OF THE CELLULOSE MICROFIBRIL

1963 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Ross Colvin
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Cellulose Microfibril ◽  
Phosphotungstic Acid ◽  
Negative Staining ◽  
Cellulose Microfibrils ◽  
Direct Experimental Evidence ◽  
Native Cellulose ◽  
Lateral Width ◽  
The Difference

Recently the lateral width of the cellulose microfibril has been estimated as 30 A rather than about 150 to 200 A, by extrapolation of data from model shadowing experiments. The difference was attributed to a layer of metal deposited during shadowing. However, direct photographs of the same microfibrils parallel and perpendicular to the direction of shadowing, of unshadowed portions of microfibrils compared with shadowed portions of the same microfibrils, of silver-stained unshadowed microfibrils, and of unshadowed, unstained segments of microfibrils give no evidence of a layer of metal of this thickness in material shadowed under normal conditions. Furthermore, the evidence for microfibril strands of about 35 A in width from negative-staining experiments is subject to a bias from the form of the filaments and from variable positive adsorption of phosphotungstic acid by cellulose. Consequently, the conclusion that the true lateral width of native cellulose microfibrils is about one-fifth of the presently accepted value is not yet justified by unequivocal direct experimental evidence.

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