Gases as ingredients of medicines

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandr L. Urakov
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Chemical Activity ◽  
Main Ingredient ◽  
Water Solutions ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Patent Literature ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The literature review shows that today all over the world reference books on medicines, state Pharmacopoeia, textbooks on pharmacology and pharmacy, as well as scientific articles published in pharmaceutical and pharmacological scientific journals, contain information about medicines without taking into account the presence of gases in them. The effect of each drug is historically considered on the example of the action of its main ingredient without taking into account the action of other ingredients, namely, auxiliary, formative agents and means that change the color, taste and smell of drugs. At the same time, the biological activity of the main ingredients is traditionally considered as the activity of highly purified chemical reagents with the brand pure for analysis. The results of a review of scientific and patent literature have shown that in natural conditions, due to high atmospheric air pressure, air gases are always present in all substances, including liquid and solid drugs, as well as human and animal body tissues. Usually, air gases remain invisible to the naked eye. It was found that the composition and quantity of gases in medicines affect their mechanical, physical, chemical and physico-chemical properties, which give the drugs a non-specific activity when applied topically. Using the example of water, solutions and tablets, it is shown how the content of gases in them changes under vacuum, low, normal and high atmospheric pressure, and how this changes their physical and chemical properties. It is shown that the regulation of the content of gases in water, solutions and tablets of medicines allows to regulate their mass, volume, specific gravity, porosity and non-specific physical and chemical activity of medicines when applied topically. It is shown that air and individual gases have biological activity, so they can determine the mechanism of action of drugs. Recipes of new medicines in which gas is an auxiliary, formative or main ingredient are given. Itis proposed to include gases in the formulation of medicines, as well as to control the gas composition ofmedicines as an indicator of their quality and a factor of their physical and chemical activity, which can determine the type of medicines local action.

Gases as ingredients of medicines

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 351-358
Author(s):  
Aleksandr L. Urakov
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Chemical Activity ◽  
Main Ingredient ◽  
Water Solutions ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Patent Literature ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The literature review shows that today all over the world reference books on medicines, state Pharmacopoeia, textbooks on pharmacology and pharmacy, as well as scientific articles published in pharmaceutical and pharmacological scientific journals, contain information about medicines without taking into account the presence of gases in them. The effect of each drug is historically considered on the example of the action of its main ingredient without taking into account the action of other ingredients, namely, auxiliary, formative agents and means that change the color, taste and smell of drugs. At the same time, the biological activity of the main ingredients is traditionally considered as the activity of highly purified chemical reagents with the brand pure for analysis. The results of a review of scientific and patent literature have shown that in natural conditions, due to high atmospheric air pressure, air gases are always present in all substances, including liquid and solid drugs, as well as human and animal body tissues. Usually, air gases remain invisible to the naked eye. It was found that the composition and quantity of gases in medicines affect their mechanical, physical, chemical and physico-chemical properties, which give the drugs a non-specific activity when applied topically. Using the example of water, solutions and tablets, it is shown how the content of gases in them changes under vacuum, low, normal and high atmospheric pressure, and how this changes their physical and chemical properties. It is shown that the regulation of the content of gases in water, solutions and tablets of medicines allows to regulate their mass, volume, specific gravity, porosity and non-specific physical and chemical activity of medicines when applied topically. It is shown that air and individual gases have biological activity, so they can determine the mechanism of action of drugs. Recipes of new medicines in which gas is an auxiliary, formative or main ingredient are given. Itis proposed to include gases in the formulation of medicines, as well as to control the gas composition ofmedicines as an indicator of their quality and a factor of their physical and chemical activity, which can determine the type of medicines local action.

scholarly journals Silver Nanoparticles Stabilized with Phosphorus-Containing Heterocyclic Surfactants: Synthesis, Physico-Chemical Properties, and Biological Activity Determination

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1883
Author(s):  
Martin Pisárčik ◽  
Miloš Lukáč ◽  
Josef Jampílek ◽  
František Bilka ◽  
Andrea Bilková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Biological Activity ◽  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Chain Length ◽  
Alkyl Chain ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Alkyl Chain Length ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Phosphorus Containing

Phosphorus-containing heterocyclic cationic surfactants alkyldimethylphenylphospholium bromides with the alkyl chain length 14 to 18 carbon atoms were used for the stabilization of silver nanodispersions. Zeta potential of silver nanodispersions ranges from +35 to +70 mV, which indicates the formation of stable silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Long-chain heptadecyl and octadecyl homologs of the surfactants series provided the most intensive stabilizing effect to AgNPs, resulting in high positive zeta potential values and smaller diameter of AgNPs in the range 50–60 nm. A comparison with non-heterocyclic alkyltrimethylphosphonium surfactants of the same alkyl chain length showed better stability and more positive zeta potential values for silver nanodispersions stabilized with heterocyclic phospholium surfactants. Investigations of biological activity of phospholium-capped AgNPs are represented by the studies of antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity. While cytotoxicity results revealed an increased level of HepG2 cell growth inhibition as compared with the cytotoxicity level of silver-free surfactant solutions, no enhanced antimicrobial action of phospholium-capped AgNPs against microbial pathogens was observed. The comparison of cytotoxicity of AgNPs stabilized with various non-heterocyclic ammonium and phosphonium surfactants shows that AgNPs capped with heterocyclic alkyldimethylphenylphospholium and non-heterocyclic triphenyl-substituted phosphonium surfactants have the highest cytotoxicity among silver nanodispersions stabilized by the series of ammonium and phosphonium surfactants.

Ionic Liquids in Analytical Chemistry: Applications and Recent Trends

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Maria Merone ◽  
Angela Tartaglia ◽  
Enrica Rosato ◽  
Cristian D’Ovidio ◽  
Abuzar Kabir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Chemistry ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Stationary Phases ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Electrochemical Analysis ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Background: Ionic liquids (ILs) are a unique class of compounds consisting exclusively of cations and anions that possess distinctive properties such as low volatility, high thermal stability, miscibility with water and organic solvents, electrolytic conductivity and non-flammability. Ionic liquids have been defined as "design solvents", because it is possible to modify their physical and chemical properties by appropriately choosing cations and anions, in order to meet the specific characteristics based on their potential application. Introduction: Due of their tunable nature and properties, ILs are considered as the perfect candidates for numerous applications in analytical chemistry including sample preparation, stationary phases in liquid or gas chromatography, additives in capillary electrophoresis, or in mass spectrometry for spectral and electrochemical analysis. In the last years, the number of publications regarding ILs has rapidly increased, highlighting the broad applications of these compounds in various fields of analytical chemistry. Results: This review first described the main physico-chemical characteristics of ionic liquids, and subsequently reported the various applications in different subdisciplines of analytical chemistry, including the extraction procedure and separation techniques. Furthermore, in each paragraph the most recent applications of ionic liquids in the food, environmental, biological, etc. fields have been described. Conclusion: Overall, the topic discussed highlights the key role of ionic liquids in analytical chemistry, giving hints for their future applications in chemistry but also in biology and medicine.

scholarly journals Effect of Slice Weight and Soaking Time on the Physico-Chemical Properties of Cassava Flour (Manihotesculentus) used for Bakery Products

2021 ◽  
pp. 10-24
Author(s):  
C. R. Abah ◽  
C. N. Ishiwu ◽  
J. E. Obiegbuna ◽  
E. F. Okpalanma ◽  
C. S. Anarado
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Process Variables ◽  
Soaking Time ◽  
Cassava Flour ◽  
Baked Goods ◽  
Cassava Root ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Quality cassava(Manihotesculentus, Crantz) flour is often influenced by process variables such as slice weight and soaking time which may affect its nutritional quality. In this study, the effect of process variables (slice weight and soaking time) on quality of cassava flour was carried out. Cassava root was peeled, washed and cut into varied sizes (25.86 - 54.14 g) and soaked at varied time (7.03 - 40.97 h). The proximate composition, physical and chemical properties of the flour were carried out using standard methods. The result in our findings showed that slice weight and soaking time had significant increase (p<0.05) on the proximate and physico-chemical properties of the flour.The amylose and amylopectin content of the flour increased with increasing soaking time while the hydrogen cyanide content decreased with increase in soaking time. Overall, the quality cassava flour displayed desirable properties for its incorporation into baked goods.

scholarly journals Free-standing spider silk webs of the thomisid Saccodomus formivorus are made of composites comprising micro- and submicron fibers

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Haynl ◽  
Jitraporn Vongsvivut ◽  
Kai R. H. Mayer ◽  
Hendrik Bargel ◽  
Vanessa J. Neubauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spider Silk ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Free Standing ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Crab Spiders ◽  
Ambush Predators ◽  
The Web ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Abstract Our understanding of the extraordinary mechanical and physico-chemical properties of spider silk is largely confined to the fibers produced by orb-weaving spiders, despite the diversity of foraging webs that occur across numerous spider families. Crab spiders (Thomisidae) are described as ambush predators that do not build webs, but nevertheless use silk for draglines, egg cases and assembling leaf-nests. A little-known exception is the Australian thomisid Saccodomus formivorus, which constructs a basket-like silk web of extraordinary dimensional stability and structural integrity that facilitates the capture of its ant prey. We examined the physical and chemical properties of this unusual web and revealed that the web threads comprise microfibers that are embedded within a biopolymeric matrix containing additionally longitudinally-oriented submicron fibers. We showed that the micro- and submicron fibers differ in their chemical composition and that the web threads show a remarkable lateral resilience compared with that of the major ampullate silk of a well-investigated orb weaver. Our novel analyses of these unusual web and silk characteristics highlight how investigations of non-model species can broaden our understanding of silks and the evolution of foraging webs.

scholarly journals Neurokinin Receptor Inhibitors: Fermentation, Isolation, Physico-chemical Properties, Structure and Biological Activity.

1997 ◽  
Vol 50 (12) ◽  
pp. 983-991 ◽  
Author(s):  
VINOD R. HEGDE ◽  
PING DAI ◽  
MIN CHU ◽  
MAHESH PATEL ◽  
ROBERT BRYANT ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Neurokinin Receptor ◽  
Physico Chemical

scholarly journals FR112123, a new oligopeptide antibiotic from Streptomyces viridochromogenes. Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation, physico-chemical properties, structure and biological activity.

1990 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 449-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
AKIHIKO FUJIE ◽  
TOSHIRO IWAMOTO ◽  
NOBUHARU SHIGEMATSU ◽  
MASAMI EZAKI ◽  
MOTOHIRO HINO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physico Chemical

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF A NEW CLAY-BASED SORBENT

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-56
Author(s):  
Sergey V. STEPANOV ◽  
Olga N. PANFILOVA ◽  
Kristina K. ADDUGAFFAROVA
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Thermal Method ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Aluminum Oxides ◽  
Ir Spectrometry ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Preliminary Preparation ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Finished Sample

The main physical and chemical parameters of a new sorbent developed on the basis of the minerals of the Samara region: clays, peat and dolomite are considered. The particle size of the clay after grinding at the stage of preliminary preparation was less than 1 nm, which relates them to highly dispersed materials. A chemical analysis of the composition of the components showed a high content of silicon and aluminum oxides, which possess ion exchange properties, and also made it possible to assign clays to montmorillonite rocks. The modification of the sorbent was carried out by thermal method. The density of the finished sample was 1.8 g / cm3. The method of scanning electron microscopy showed that the structure of the finished sample belongs to spongy bodies. The method of IR spectrometry confirmed the presence of functional groups in the crystal lattice of the sorbent, which cause not only the physical, but also the ion exchange and chemical nature of sorption.

About Mechanisms of Biological Activity of the Nano- and Microparticles of Natural Minerals in the Experiment

10.12737/2753 ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 160-165
Author(s):  
Сергиевич ◽  
A. Sergievich ◽  
Чайка ◽  
Vladimir Chayka ◽  
Голохваст ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Functional Condition ◽  
World Science ◽  
Natural Minerals ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Physical And Chemical

There are both in the domestic and the world science a discussion about the biological activity of water-insoluble solid microparticles technogenous and natural. These interactions are studied in the context of the professional pathology, hygiene and nanotoxicology. The purpose of this research was to study the mechanisms of action of particles of natural minerals of various sizes on biological systems. The paper is based on the applied modern methods which allow to determine the degree of interaction of microelements with the functional systems of the organism. Analysis of the results showed that the application of these methods has a number of shortcomings in the experiments in vivo and in vitro, associated with the physical and chemical features of zeolites. It is established that under cultivation in 6- and 24-hole tablets, the zeolite in a dose of 50 mg/ml covers all the cells attached to the glass. In the fields of view of the cells are practically invisible. Thus, an assessment of toxic effects or functional condition of the cells is not possible. Zeolite being water-insoluble compound wich is not subjected to the pipetting. At the delete zeolite of culture, there is practically full elimination of cells from the hole. Accumulation of the primary information about the biological effects of nano - and microparticles is extremely important. This allows the authors to make some conclusions, but the decision of a question on the mechanism of biological activity, especially the prediction of some properties of particles without the study of physical-chemical properties of the particles isn&#180;t possible.

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