scholarly journals The influence of cholinergic drugs on EEG of the brain of the castrated rabbit males

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
Natalia N. Kuznetsova ◽  
Nikolay A. Losev
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Caudate Nucleus ◽  
Spontaneous Activity ◽  
Electric Activity ◽  
Gonadal Hormones ◽  
Cholinergic Drugs ◽  
Reciprocal Influence ◽  
Intact Rabbit ◽  
Subcortical Nuclei ◽  
The Brain

Aim. We investigated the influence of various cholinoceptive drugs on spontaneous activity of a brain at the intact rabbit and in the conditions of deficit of gonadal hormones, and also studied of reciprocal influence of cholinergic drugs on changes of character of a range of EEG at the intact and castrated rabbits. Methods. Our researches were carried out on 32 rabbit males of breed the Chinchilla. Bipolar nichrome electrodes implanted to rabbits by stereotactic operaition into a caudate nucleus, a hippocampus and a reticular formation of a mesencephalon and also cortical monopolar chlorsilver electrodes with a diameter of 1 mm - to the optic and frontal area of cortex. Registration of EEG carried out in a shielded chamber with use of the electroencephalograph-analyzer EEGA-21/26 “Encephalan-131-03”. The averaged EEG range power was analyzed with a 60 s recording epoch. In 3 weeks after implantation of electrodes we studied the influence a number of cholinergic drugs on spontaneous EEG: M-cholinolytic metamizyl (1 mg/kg i.p.), N-cholinolytic gangleronum (5 mg/kg i.p.), inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) galantamine (0.5 mg/kg i.p.). Registration was carried out in 1, 2 and 3 hours after an injection. Under the combined investigation of preparation galantamine was entered in 20 minutes after an injection of cholinolytics. Then, we carried out removal of a testis at rabbits — males under etherization. The spontaneous electric activity of a brain of that rabbits and influence of cholinergic drugs was registered in 30 days after operation of bilateral gonadectomy. Result. The gonadectomy of Chinchilla rabbits causes the deceleration of EEG range power twice in comparison with intact animals in a chronic experiment. The analysis of influence of cholinoceptive substances on EEG showed that the most sensitive to the change of balance between M- and N-cholinoreceptors are cerebral cortex and caudate nucleus. The intensity of the activating effect accompanying blockade of M-cholinoreceptors is higher in cortical structures, than in subcortical nuclei in all animals. The reaction of caudate nucleus to the blockade of M-cholinoreceptors is the most sensitive among subcortical nuclei. It “answers” with increase in EEG range power. The blockade of N-cholinoreceptors in this structure after insignificant potentiating is followed by decrease of EEG range power. The activity of hippocampus is least dependent on the level of androgens in organism. Conclusions. The analysis of influence of cholinoceptive substances on spontaneous activity of a brain showed that the most sensitive to change of balance between M-cholinoreceptors and H-cholinoreceptors were a cerebral cortex and a caudate nucleus. As at the intact as the castrated animals the expressiveness of the activating effect accompanying blockade of M-cholinoreceptors is higher in cortical structures than in subcortical nuclei.

scholarly journals NON-EQUILIBRIUM BELOUSOV–ZHABOTINSKY REACTION DESCRIBES THE SPONTANEOUS ACTIVITY OF THE BRAIN

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y-idi Zhang ◽  
Shan Guo ◽  
Mingzhu Sun ◽  
Arturo Tozzi ◽  
Xin Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Spontaneous Activity ◽  
Chaotic Dynamics ◽  
Electric Activity ◽  
Neural Oscillations ◽  
Neural Oscillation ◽  
Local Circuits ◽  
Belousov Zhabotinsky Reaction ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Non Equilibrium

ABSTRACTBelousov–Zhabotinsky (BZ) reactions describe chemical patterns in terms of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, chaotic evolution of nonlinear oscillators, excitability under the influence of peculiar chemical stimulations. In touch with this chemical model, we hypothesized that the nonlinear brain electric activity at the edge of the chaos could be triggered by neural oscillation equipped with BZ dynamics, and that changes in neural activity might be correlated with the transient occurrence of (either short and long-range) BZ-like reactions in cortical subareas. To prove our hypothesis of neuronal waves driven by BZ-like processes, we evaluated fMRI movies that assess in vivo BOLD resting state activity of the human brain. We found that the spontaneous activity of the brain display features fully overlapping the recently-introduced local circuits based on BZ chemical reaction. Therefore, neuronal paths during spontaneous activity of the brain match BZ dynamics’ previsions. Our results point towards the brain as crossed by diffusive nonlinear neural oscillations patterns that are predictable. Furthermore, our results suggest that chaotic dynamics arise from nothing else than the network arrangements subtending physical and biological systems.

Acetylcholine Concentrations in the Brain of Rabbits Exhibiting Forced Turning Movements

1957 ◽  
Vol 189 (2) ◽  
pp. 389-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. Aprison ◽  
P. Nathan
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Caudate Nucleus ◽  
Contralateral Side ◽  
Primary Factor ◽  
Caudate Nuclei ◽  
Biochemical Evidence ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

Values for the free ACh concentration in the left and right cerebral cortex and caudate nuclei are given for normal rabbits as well as for animals exhibiting compulsive circling movements as a result of an unilateral (right) intracarotid injection of DFP. In animals exhibiting forced circus movements in either direction a marked asymmetry in ACh content existed between the left and right cerebral cortex as well as the left and right caudate nucleus. In rabbits circling to the left, the ACh content was higher on the right side in both the cortex and caudate nucleus. However, in rabbits turning compulsively to their right, the left cortex had a higher ACh concentration than the opposite side. In the case of the caudate nuclei, the right side was higher than the left. Since previous ChE data as well as the present ACh data for the caudate nuclei in ‘righters’ and ‘lefters’ show little difference it is difficult to implicate the caudate alone in the mechanism of compulsive turning. It is thought that the caudate nucleus may be involved in a secondary manner in the production of rabbits circling to the left. However, the biochemical evidence does suggest that stimulation due to the accumulated ACh on one side of the cerebral cortex may be the primary factor in causing the animal to exhibit compulsive circling toward the contralateral side.

Autotransplantation of the superior cervical ganglion into the brain

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 955-959 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toru Itakura ◽  
Ichiro Kamei ◽  
Kunio Nakai ◽  
Yutaka Naka ◽  
Kazuo Nakakita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Caudate Nucleus ◽  
Superior Cervical Ganglion ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cervical Ganglion ◽  
6 Hydroxydopamine ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Fine Print

✓ The superior cervical ganglion (SCG) of rats was transplanted into their own parietal cortex. Four weeks after implantation, catecholamine histofluorescence revealed many transplanted catecholamine cells in the cortex. However, no fibers extended from the transplanted tissue to the cerebral cortex. In a second group of rats which had been pretreated with 6-hydroxydopamine (a specific neurotoxin to the catecholamine neuron), some showed extension of catecholamine fibers to the cerebral cortex. To simulate an animal model of Parkinson's disease, MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine) was administered to five monkeys. Two weeks after MPTP administration, dopamine terminals in the caudate nucleus disappeared. After autotransplantation of the SCG into the caudate nucleus of these monkeys, many of the transplanted SCG cells extended axons beyond the graft into the caudate nucleus. These results show that transplanted SCG cells survived well in the brain. Under special circumstances, such as a shortage of catecholamine in the brain, implanted SCG cells extended their axons into the brain. It is suggested that autotransplantation of SCG grafts may be a new therapy for Parkinson's disease.

Metabolic studies on perinatal human brain

1959 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 873-877 ◽  
Author(s):  
Williamina A. Himwich ◽  
Harry B. W. Benaron ◽  
Beatrice E. Tucker ◽  
Cevat Babuna ◽  
Margaret C. Stripe
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Caudate Nucleus ◽  
Medulla Oblongata ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Gestation Age ◽  
The Brain

Oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production were determined on minced samples of cerebral cortex, caudate nucleus, thalamus and medulla oblongata of the brains of 22 human infants ranging in age from 160 to 283 days of gestation. A significant correlation of age and oxygen consumption was obtained for cerebral cortex, caudate nucleus and thalamus. The oxygen consumption of these parts was greater than that of the medulla oblongata after 200 days of gestation age. The results emphasize the impossibility of comparing the brain of the neonatal human being with the young of other species until more comparative developmental data are available. Submitted on April 30, 1959

Glucuronyl 3-sulfate occurs exclusively on distal unmyelinated terminals of selected sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 958-959
Author(s):  
S.S. Spicer ◽  
B.A. Schulte
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Sensory Nerves ◽  
Tissue Antigens ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Leu 7

Generation of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against tissue antigens has yielded several (VC1.1, HNK- 1, L2, 4F4 and anti-leu 7) which recognize the unique sugar epitope, glucuronyl 3-sulfate (Glc A3- SO4). In the central nervous system, these MAbs have demonstrated Glc A3-SO4 at the surface of neurons in the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum, the retina and other widespread regions of the brain.Here we describe the distribution of Glc A3-SO4 in the peripheral nervous system as determined by immunostaining with a MAb (VC 1.1) developed against antigen in the cat visual cortex. Outside the central nervous system, immunoreactivity was observed only in peripheral terminals of selected sensory nerves conducting transduction signals for touch, hearing, balance and taste. On the glassy membrane of the sinus hair in murine nasal skin, just deep to the ringwurt, VC 1.1 delineated an intensely stained, plaque-like area (Fig. 1). This previously unrecognized structure of the nasal vibrissae presumably serves as a tactile end organ and to our knowledge is not demonstrable by means other than its selective immunopositivity with VC1.1 and its appearance as a densely fibrillar area in H&E stained sections.

Neurotransmitter systems of female mouse brain during growth of malignant melanoma modeled on the background of chronic pain

2018 ◽  
pp. 49-55
Author(s):  
О.И. Кит ◽  
И.М. Котиева ◽  
Е.М. Франциянц ◽  
И.В. Каплиева ◽  
Л.К. Трепитаки ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Malignant Melanoma ◽  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Female Mouse ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Malignant Growth ◽  
Course Of Disease ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Melanoma Growth

Известно, что биогенные амины (БА) участвуют в злокачественном росте, их уровень изменяется в ЦНС при болевом воздействии, однако исследований о сочетанном влиянии хронической боли (ХБ) и онкопатологии на динамику БА в головном мозге не проводилось. Цель: изучить особенности баланса БА в коре головного мозга в динамике роста меланомы, воспроизведенной на фоне ХБ. Материалы и методы. Работа выполнена на 64 мышах-самках, весом 21-22 г. Животным основной группы меланому В16/F10 перевивали под кожу спины через 2 недели после перевязки седалищных нервов. Группой сравнения служили мыши с меланомой без боли. Уровни БА: адреналина, норадреналина, дофамина (ДА), серотонина (5-НТ), гистамина, а также 5-ОИУК определяли методом иммуноферментного анализа. Результаты. У мышей с ХБ уменьшается содержание большинства БА, однако уровень ДА не изменяется. Метаболизм 5-НТ происходит с участием МАО. Развитие меланомы сопровождается увеличением содержания ДА и 5-НТ, тогда как МАО - ингибируется. Направленность сдвигов БА при развитии меланомы на фоне ХБ оказалась практически такой же, как и без неё. В то же время ХБ ограничивает накопление 5-НТ в коре мозга при меланоме, что сопровождается более агрессивным её течением. Выводы. ХБ ограничивает включение стресс-лимитирующих механизмов в головном мозге при развитии меланомы у мышей, что приводит к более агрессивному течению злокачественного процесса. Biogenic amines (BA) are known to be involved in malignant growth, and their CNS levels change in pain; however, there are no studies of combined effects of chronic pain (CP) and cancer on BA dynamics in the brain. Aim: To study features of BA balance in the cerebral cortex during melanoma growth associated with CP. Material and methods. The study included 64 female mice weighing 21-22 g. In the main groups, B16/F10 melanoma was transplanted under the skin of the back two weeks following sciatic nerve ligation. Mice with melanoma without pain were used as the control. Concentrations of BA: adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), histamine and 5-HIAA were measured with ELISA. Results. Concentrations of BAs decreased in mice with CP although DA levels did not change. 5-HT metabolism involved MAO. The development of melanoma was accompanied by increases in DA and 5-HT whereas MAO was inhibited. The direction of BA changes during the development of melanoma was the same with and without CP. At the same time, CP with melanoma limited accumulation of 5-HT in the cerebral cortex, which resulted in even more aggressive course of cancer. Conclusion. CP restricted the activation of cerebral stress-limiting mechanisms during the development of melanoma in mice, which resulted in a more aggressive course of disease.

scholarly journals A probabilistic atlas of the human ventral tegmental area (VTA) based on 7 Tesla MRI data

2021 ◽  
Vol 226 (4) ◽  
pp. 1155-1167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne C. Trutti ◽  
Laura Fontanesi ◽  
Martijn J. Mulder ◽  
Pierre-Louis Bazin ◽  
Bernhard Hommel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ventral Tegmental Area ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
7 Tesla ◽  
Subcortical Structures ◽  
7 Tesla Mri ◽  
Subcortical Nuclei ◽  
Ventral Tegmental ◽  
The Brain

AbstractFunctional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) BOLD signal is commonly localized by using neuroanatomical atlases, which can also serve for region of interest analyses. Yet, the available MRI atlases have serious limitations when it comes to imaging subcortical structures: only 7% of the 455 subcortical nuclei are captured by current atlases. This highlights the general difficulty in mapping smaller nuclei deep in the brain, which can be addressed using ultra-high field 7 Tesla (T) MRI. The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is a subcortical structure that plays a pivotal role in reward processing, learning and memory. Despite the significant interest in this nucleus in cognitive neuroscience, there are currently no available, anatomically precise VTA atlases derived from 7 T MRI data that cover the full region of the VTA. Here, we first provide a protocol for multimodal VTA imaging and delineation. We then provide a data description of a probabilistic VTA atlas based on in vivo 7 T MRI data.

scholarly journals Long-Term Glucose Starvation Induces Inflammatory Responses and Phenotype Switch in Primary Cortical Rat Astrocytes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Kogel ◽  
Stefanie Trinh ◽  
Natalie Gasterich ◽  
Cordian Beyer ◽  
Jochen Seitz
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Synapse Formation ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Glucose Starvation ◽  
Unfolded Protein ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Phenotype Switch ◽  
The Unfolded Protein Response ◽  
The Brain

AbstractAstrocytes are the most abundant cell type in the brain and crucial to ensure the metabolic supply of neurons and their synapse formation. Overnutrition as present in patients suffering from obesity causes astrogliosis in the hypothalamus. Other diseases accompanied by malnutrition appear to have an impact on the brain and astrocyte function. In the eating disorder anorexia nervosa (AN), patients suffer from undernutrition and develop volume reductions of the cerebral cortex, associated with reduced astrocyte proliferation and cell count. Although an effect on astrocytes and their function has already been shown for overnutrition, their role in long-term undernutrition remains unclear. The present study used primary rat cerebral cortex astrocytes to investigate their response to chronic glucose starvation. Cells were grown with a medium containing a reduced glucose concentration (2 mM) for 15 days. Long-term glucose starvation increased the expression of a subset of pro-inflammatory genes and shifted the primary astrocyte population to the pro-inflammatory A1-like phenotype. Moreover, genes encoding for proteins involved in the unfolded protein response were elevated. Our findings demonstrate that astrocytes under chronic glucose starvation respond with an inflammatory reaction. With respect to the multiple functions of astrocytes, an association between elevated inflammatory responses due to chronic starvation and alterations found in the brain of patients suffering from undernutrition seems possible.

THE METABOLISM OF NORMAL BRAIN AND HUMAN GLIOMAS IN RELATION TO CELL TYPE AND DENSITY

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irving H. Heller ◽  
K. A. C. Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Corpus Callosum ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Cerebellar Cortex ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Uptake Rates ◽  
The Brain

Per unit weight, cerebral and cerebellar cortex respire much more actively than corpus callosum. The rate per cell nucleus is highest in cerebral cortex, lower in corpus callosum, and still lower in cerebellar cortex. The oxygen uptake rates of the brain tumors studied, with the exception of an oligodendroglioma, were about the same as that of white matter on the weight basis but lower than that of cerebral cortex or white matter on the cell basis. In agreement with previous work, an oligodendroglioma respired much more actively than the other tumors. The rates of glycolysis of the brain tumors per unit weight were low but, relative to their respiration rate, glycolysis was higher than in normal gray or white matter. Consideration of the figures obtained leads to the following tentative conclusions: Glial cells of corpus callosum respire more actively than the neurons of the cerebellar cortex. Neurons of the cerebral cortex respire on the average much more actively than neurons of the cerebellar cortex or glial cells. Considerably more than 70% of the oxygen uptake by cerebral cortex is due to neurons. The oxygen uptake rates of normal oligodendroglia and astrocytes are probably about the same as the rates found per nucleus in an oligodendroglioma and in astrocytomas; oligodendroglia respire much more actively than astrocytes.

Dream Bizarreness as the Cognitive Correlate of Altered Neuronal Behavior in REM Sleep

1989 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam N. Mamelak ◽  
J. Allan Hobson
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Neuronal Dynamics ◽  
Neurophysiological Model ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Cognitive Feature ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Cognitive Correlate ◽  
Raphe Neurons

Bizarreness is a cognitive feature common to REM sleep dreams, which can be easily measured. Because bizarreness is highly specific to dreaming, we propose that it is most likely brought about by changes in neuronal activity that are specific to REM sleep. At the level of the dream plot, bizarreness can be defined as either discontinuity or incongruity. In addition, the dreamer's thoughts about the plot may be logically deficient. We propose that dream bizarreness is the cognitive concomitant of two kinds of changes in neuronal dynamics during REM sleep. One is the disinhibition of forebrain networks caused by the withdrawal of the modulatory influences of norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5HT) in REM sleep, secondary to cessation of firing of locus coeruleus and dorsal raphe neurons. This aminergic demodulation can be mathematically modeled as a shift toward increased error at the outputs from neural networks, and these errors might be represented cognitively as incongruities and/or discontinuities. We also consider the possibility that discontinuities are the cognitive concomitant of sudden bifurcations or “jumps” in the responses of forebrain neuronal networks. These bifurcations are caused by phasic discharge of pontogeniculooccipital (PGO) neurons during REM sleep, providing a source of cholinergic modulation to the forebrain which could evoke unpredictable network responses. When phasic PGO activity stops, the resultant activity in the brain may be wholly unrelated to patterns of activity dominant before such phasic stimulation began. Mathematically such sudden shifts from one pattern of activity to a second, unrelated one is called a bifurcation. We propose that the neuronal bifurcations brought about by PGO activity might be represented cognitively as bizarre discontinuities of dream plot. We regard these proposals as preliminary attempts to model the relationship between dream cognition and REM sleep neurophysiology. This neurophysiological model of dream bizarreness may also prove useful in understanding the contributions of REM sleep to the developmental and experiential plasticity of the cerebral cortex.

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