scholarly journals ANTIPSYCHOTICS: FROM THE FIRST TO THE THIRD GENERATION

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nataliia N. Petrova ◽  
Alexander G. Sofronov
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Antipsychotic Therapy ◽  
Persistent Symptoms ◽  
D3 Receptors ◽  
The Third ◽  
Personalized Approach

The review is devoted to comparative analysis of antipsychotics of three generations. When writing the review, a systematic search in the databases PubMed, Medline, Elsevier was carried out, a simple filter for keywords was used. Pharmacological and clinical issues of antipsychotic therapy were considered, the mechanisms of action of antipsychotics of different generations were revealed. Current trends in the development of approaches to the therapy of schizophrenia and the concept of atypicality of antipsychotics were discussed. A comparative analysis of indications for use, tolerance (safety of use) and efficacy of various antipsychotic drugs with an emphasis on the effect on negative (primary, persistent) symptoms has been conducted. The hypothesis underlying new approaches to the therapy of schizophrenia, based on the effect on dopamine autoreceptors, consisting of a high density of D2 and low density of D3 receptors, has been presented. It has been shown that antipsychotics of the third generation open up new possibilities in the therapy of psychosis within the framework of a personalized approach in psychiatry with the achievement of functional recovery of patients. The characteristics of the drugs representatives of the third generation of antipsychotics aripiprazole and cariprazine were given. The uniqueness of cariprazine as the only drug that inhibits D3 receptors in vitro, as well as in vivo in patients with schizophrenia was emphasized. The data of evidence-based studies of the effectiveness of cariprazine in the treatment of negative, including predominant negative symptoms were presented.

scholarly journals Mechanism of action of the third generation benzopyrans and evaluation of their broad anti-cancer activity in vitro and in vivo

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander J. Stevenson ◽  
Eleanor I. Ager ◽  
Martina A. Proctor ◽  
Dubravka Škalamera ◽  
Andrew Heaton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Cancer Activity

671 Comparative Analysis of in Vivo and in Vitro Expression of Kinases in the MAPK Pathway

2012 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. S159
Author(s):  
W.M. Dickerson ◽  
L.A. Beausang ◽  
A. Saab ◽  
K. Leong ◽  
E.M. Alderman
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Mapk Pathway ◽  
In Vitro Expression

Spray-dried solid dispersions containing ferulic acid: comparative analysis of three carriers, in vitro dissolution, antioxidant potential and in vivo anti-platelet effect

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (11) ◽  
pp. 1813-1824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Mendes Nadal ◽  
Mona Lisa Simionatto Gomes ◽  
Débora Maria Borsato ◽  
Martinha Antunes Almeida ◽  
Fernanda Malaquias Barboza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Ferulic Acid ◽  
Solid Dispersions ◽  
Antioxidant Potential ◽  
In Vitro Dissolution ◽  
Spray Dried

scholarly journals A third-generation bisphosphonate, minodronic acid (YM529), successfully prevented the growth of bladder cancer in vitro and in vivo

2006 ◽  
Vol 95 (10) ◽  
pp. 1354-1361 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Sato ◽  
T Yuasa ◽  
M Nogawa ◽  
S Kimura ◽  
H Segawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bladder Cancer ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Minodronic Acid

Development and differentiation in vitro of Drosophila imaginal disc cells from dissociated early embryos

Development ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 487-498
Author(s):  
Andreas Dübendorfer ◽  
Glen Shields ◽  
James H. Sang
Keyword(s):  
Imaginal Disc ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Third ◽  
Early Embryos ◽  
Disc Cells ◽  
Development And Differentiation ◽  
Pattern Specification

Embryos of Drosophila melanogaster, 6–8 h after oviposition, were dissociated and the cells cultured in vitro. Besides larval cell types, imaginal disc cells, assembled and growing in bloated monolayered vesicles, were obtained. The cells of these vesicles become competent to differentiate adult structures when treated with α-ecdysone or ecdysterone in vitro. Recognizable patterns of the adult fly are not formed though. If metamorphosis of imaginal cell vesicles from in vitro-cultures is induced in vivo by transplantation into host larvae of various ages within the third larval instar, recognizable patterns can differentiate provided the host larva does not metamorphose prior to 2 days after transplantation. The frequency of specific patterns in the implants can be increased by providing 9 days of culture in vivo (adult host flies) before metamorphosis. Passage through the third larval instar is not essential for these cells to produce identifiable patterns since culture in adult flies alone can achieve this. The quality of the differentiated pattern is not correlated with the extent of cell proliferation in the cultured tissues. The problem of pattern specification in vitro and in vivo is discussed.

Antiviral Activity of Native and Modified Fucoidans from Brown Algae Fucus evanescens in vitro and in vivo: A Comparative Analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Natalya V. Krylova ◽  
Svetlana P. Ermakova ◽  
Vyacheslav F. Lavrov ◽  
Irina A. Leneva ◽  
Galina G. Kompanets ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Brown Algae ◽  
Fucus Evanescens

scholarly journals Heavily Armed Ancestors: CRISPR Immunity and Applications in Archaea with a Comparative Analysis of CRISPR Types in Sulfolobales

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1523
Author(s):  
Isabelle Anna Zink ◽  
Erika Wimmer ◽  
Christa Schleper
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Type I ◽  
Accessory Proteins ◽  
Type Iii

Prokaryotes are constantly coping with attacks by viruses in their natural environments and therefore have evolved an impressive array of defense systems. Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) is an adaptive immune system found in the majority of archaea and about half of bacteria which stores pieces of infecting viral DNA as spacers in genomic CRISPR arrays to reuse them for specific virus destruction upon a second wave of infection. In detail, small CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) are transcribed from CRISPR arrays and incorporated into type-specific CRISPR effector complexes which further degrade foreign nucleic acids complementary to the crRNA. This review gives an overview of CRISPR immunity to newcomers in the field and an update on CRISPR literature in archaea by comparing the functional mechanisms and abundances of the diverse CRISPR types. A bigger fraction is dedicated to the versatile and prevalent CRISPR type III systems, as tremendous progress has been made recently using archaeal models in discerning the controlled molecular mechanisms of their unique tripartite mode of action including RNA interference, DNA interference and the unique cyclic-oligoadenylate signaling that induces promiscuous RNA shredding by CARF-domain ribonucleases. The second half of the review spotlights CRISPR in archaea outlining seminal in vivo and in vitro studies in model organisms of the euryarchaeal and crenarchaeal phyla, including the application of CRISPR-Cas for genome editing and gene silencing. In the last section, a special focus is laid on members of the crenarchaeal hyperthermophilic order Sulfolobales by presenting a thorough comparative analysis about the distribution and abundance of CRISPR-Cas systems, including arrays and spacers as well as CRISPR-accessory proteins in all 53 genomes available to date. Interestingly, we find that CRISPR type III and the DNA-degrading CRISPR type I complexes co-exist in more than two thirds of these genomes. Furthermore, we identified ring nuclease candidates in all but two genomes and found that they generally co-exist with the above-mentioned CARF domain ribonucleases Csx1/Csm6. These observations, together with published literature allowed us to draft a working model of how CRISPR-Cas systems and accessory proteins cross talk to establish native CRISPR anti-virus immunity in a Sulfolobales cell.

In vivo and in vitro Flow Cytometry Comparative Analysis of Somatostatin-Positive Cells in the Pineal Gland of the Neonatal Rat

1995 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercè Viader ◽  
Eugènia Mato ◽  
Dolors Tugues ◽  
Oscar Fornas ◽  
Manel Puig-Domingo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Pineal Gland ◽  
Neonatal Rat

scholarly journals The role of retinal photoisomerase in the visual cycle of the honeybee.

1991 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
W C Smith ◽  
T H Goldsmith
Keyword(s):  
Visual Pigment ◽  
Compound Eye ◽  
Rod Outer Segments ◽  
Visual Cycle ◽  
In Vitro Techniques ◽  
The Third ◽  
Isomerization Processes

The compound eye of the honeybee has previously been shown to contain a soluble retinal photoisomerase which, in vitro, is able to catalyze stereospecifically the photoconversion of all-trans retinal to 11-cis retinal. In this study we combine in vivo and in vitro techniques to demonstrate how the retinal photoisomerase is involved in the visual cycle, creating 11-cis retinal for the generation of visual pigment. Honeybees have approximately 2.5 pmol/eye of retinal associated with visual pigments, but larger amounts (4-12 pmol/eye) of both retinal and retinol bound to soluble proteins. When bees are dark adapted for 24 h or longer, greater than 80% of the endogenous retinal, mostly in the all-trans configuration, is associated with the retinal photoisomerase. On exposure to blue light the retinal is isomerized to 11-cis, which makes it available to an alcohol dehydrogenase. Most of it is then reduced to 11-cis retinol. The retinol is not esterified and remains associated with a soluble protein, serving as a reservoir of 11-cis retinoid available for renewal of visual pigment. Alternatively, 11-cis retinal can be transferred directly to opsin to regenerate rhodopsin, as shown by synthesis of rhodopsin in bleached frog rod outer segments. This retinaldehyde cycle from the honeybee is the third to be described. It appears very similar to the system in another group of arthropods, flies, and differs from the isomerization processes in vertebrates and cephalopod mollusks.

Validation of a third-generation Doppler system for studies of detailed aortic flow

1984 ◽  
Vol 247 (5) ◽  
pp. H847-H856
Author(s):  
J. A. Rumberger ◽  
C. F. Fastenow ◽  
D. L. Laughlin ◽  
M. L. Marcus
Keyword(s):  
Velocity Profile ◽  
Volume Flow ◽  
Aortic Diameter ◽  
Doppler Velocity ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Doppler System ◽  
Aortic Hemodynamics

A multigated, third-generation Doppler velocity system has been developed and validated for detailed studies of aortic hemodynamics. The Doppler system employs a single 3-mm, 5-MHz crystal applied to the aorta at a fixed angle with respect to the flow axis and is capable of measuring velocity profile, blood vessel diameter, and integrated volume flow on a continuous, real-time basis. This represents a major developmental advance over existing first-generation, continuous-wave and second-generation, single-gated pulsed Doppler systems. Validation studies have been performed in vitro and in dogs. Aortic diameter was measured simultaneously with the volumetric Doppler system and with sonomicrometer probes. During changes in aortic diameter between 8 and 18 mm (n = 18), produced by temporary pulmonary artery occlusion or epinephrine infusion, quantitative agreement between the Doppler and sonomicrometer probes was found (r = 0.96). Velocity profile measurements and axial velocity values made with the Doppler system compared favorably with hot-film anemometry studies in vitro and in vivo. Although the current system is nondirectional, measurements of phasic aortic volume flow and absolute-time-averaged changes in flow rates showed an excellent correlation with chronically placed electromagnetic flow probes over a broad range of flow rates in vivo (1-5 l/min, n = 36, r = 0.95). This third-generation Doppler system should prove useful in clinical and research studies of detailed aortic hemodynamics.

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