scholarly journals Actual problems of measles

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 120-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir N Timchenko ◽  
Tatyana A Kaplina ◽  
Olga A Leonicheva ◽  
Oksana V Bulina ◽  
Jean-Claude Hakizimana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Parvovirus B19 ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Childhood Mortality ◽  
World Health ◽  
Symptomatic Therapy ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Duration Of Treatment ◽  
Recombinant Interferon ◽  
The World

Measles is still an major public health problem in many countries. According to the World Health Organization, up to 3 million measles cases were recorded annually. Measles was one of the main causes of death among young children in the pre-vaccine period. More than 10 million children died of measles every year throughout the world. In 2014, on a global scale, there were 114 900 deaths from measles almost 314 deaths per day or 13 deaths per hour. The main cause of death from measles are complications from the respiratory tract (pneumonia), the central nervous system (meningitis, encephalitis, meningoencephalitis, encephalomyelitis), gastrointestinal tract (diarrhea). Between 2000 and 2014, mass measles vaccination reduced global measles mortality rate by 79%, and about 17.1 million children's lives were saved. However, measles still remains endemic and, one of the leading causes of childhood mortality in developing countries as a result of lack of immunization policies. Up to 98% of measles mortality are registered in developing countries, such India, Bangladesh, Nigeria, RDC, etc. If in the pre-vaccine period, measles affected predominantly children aged less than five years, the global immunization era led to a change in the measles-age-category pattern. The increase measles occurency in adults is due to the loss of protective antibodies, that last generally for 10 to 15 years after vaccination in only 36% of the vaccinees. Complications due to measles in adolescents and adults are most likely than in children. However, immunocompetent individuals may have repeated measles infections. The possibility of transplacental transmission of the disease: measles in pregnant women leads to a higher risk of premature birth, spontaneous abortion, congenital malformations, and with a woman at the end of pregnancy intrauterine infection and the birth of a child with signs of measles. In the absence of specific anti-measles antibodies in the mother, the child may become ill in theantenatal period. Differential diagnosis of measles is carried out with infections that occur with exanthema syndrome (parvovirus B19, sudden exanthema, etc.). Etiotropic therapy is carried out with preparations of recombinant interferon (viferon, etc.). Doses of drugs and the duration of treatment are determined by the severity of the disease. Pathogenetic and symptomatic therapy is strongly recommended.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Pediatric Septic Shock

2018 ◽  
Vol 08 (01) ◽  
pp. 003-010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flávia Machado ◽  
Daniela de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Septic Shock ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Severe Sepsis ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
World Health ◽  
Disease Definition ◽  
The World

AbstractSepsis, or dysregulated host response to infection, is considered a worldwide public health problem. It is a major childhood disease both in terms of frequency and severity, and severe sepsis is still considered the main cause of death from infection in childhood. This review provides an overview of the epidemiology of pediatric septic shock. The prevalence of severe sepsis and septic shock among hospitalized children ranges from 1 to 26%. Mortality is high, ranging from 5% in developed countries to up to 35% in developing countries. However, 10 years after the publication of pediatric sepsis definitions, a global perspective on the burden of this disease in childhood is still missing. Major obstacles to a better knowledge of sepsis epidemiology in children are the absence of an adequate disease definition and not having sepsis as a cause of death in the World Health Organization Global Burden of Disease Report, which is one of the most important sources of information for health policies decision-making in the world. Several studies performed in both developed and developing countries have shown that mortality from septic shock is high and is associated with delayed diagnosis, late treatment, and nonadherence to the treatment guidelines. Reducing mortality from sepsis in childhood is a worldwide challenge, especially in developing countries, where the highest number of cases and deaths are recorded and where financial resources are scarce. Many specialists consider that prevention, education, and organization are key to achieve a reduction in the burden of sepsis.

scholarly journals Adherence to Immunization: Rebuttal of Vaccine Hesitancy

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Tamar Etzioni-Friedman ◽  
Amos Etzioni
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
World Health ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Near Future ◽  
New Vaccines

Immunizations have been saving the lives of millions of people since they were first used by Edward Jenner in 1796, and new vaccines are being developed all the time. Hopefully, a new vaccine for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) will be developed in the near future, and perhaps even one for human immunodeficiency virus. Although the effectiveness of vaccinations has been proven over the years and adverse effects to currently available vaccinations are extremely rare, many people continue to defer immunizations for themselves and their families. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), this phenomenon, known as “vaccine hesitancy,” is a major public health problem globally. This review summarizes the unproven adverse effects of various vaccines and stresses the importance of enforcing vaccination policies to minimize vaccine hesitancy. Every effort should be made to improve existing vaccines and to produce new ones, according to carefully designed scientific preclinical and clinical trials. This is particularly important in today’s era, in light of the global transparency regarding vaccination development, and the potential for future pandemics such as COVID-19.

Healthy living and smart choices - A project for developing a web-based Turkish obesity treatment program

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S390-S390
Author(s):  
C. Hepdurgun ◽  
H. Elbi ◽  
Ş. Pırıldar ◽  
F.L. Saygılı ◽  
M.O. Ünalır ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Program ◽  
Primary Care Physicians ◽  
Behavioral Treatment ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
World Health ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Healthy Weight ◽  
Behavioral Strategies ◽  
Web Based ◽  
The World

IntroductionObesity is a major public health problem in the world and getting obesity under control is one of the most important goals of the World Health Organization. Cognitive behavioral therapy techniques are helpful for adjusting lifestyle to stay at a healthy weight range. Success of web-based programs which designed with evidence-based behavioral strategies has been proven with different studies. However, a web-based program suitable for Turkish culture and eating habits is still missing.ObjectivesPrimary objective of this project is to develop and test a web-based obesity behavioral treatment program in collaboration with experienced academicians from different disciplines.AimsThe aim of this project is to develop a program which will help Turkish primary care physicians in treating and tracking obesity patients.MethodThe web-based program will include a 12-week-long core behavioral program. Participants will be asked to record their daily dietary intakes and automatic feedback will be given by the system. Weekly behavioral training videos will be available during the core program. As participants watch the videos and record their daily intakes, they will get instant awards such as virtual diet-coin which they will be able to spend for gifts such as low calorie recipes. One hundred obese patients (with body mass index greater than 30 kg/m2) will be recruited to evaluate the effectiveness of the program. The changes in their blood pressures, body weights and waist circumferences will be recorded.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals GLOBAL OBESITY AND PAKISTAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-44
Author(s):  
Iftikhar Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Double Burden ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
The World ◽  
Developed World

Obesity is rapidly becoming a major public health problem in many parts of the world, including Pakistan. Developed world is viewing a huge switchover from acute and communicable diseases to the chronic and non-communicable diseases. However many developing countries including Pakistan, experience the double burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases.

scholarly journals Quality control and standardization of FACA® syrup

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Salfo Ouedraogo ◽  
Sidiki Traoré ◽  
Jean Claude W. Ouédraogo ◽  
Moumouni Koala ◽  
Lazare Belemnaba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sickle Cell Disease ◽  
Sickle Cell ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
World Health ◽  
Calotropis Procera ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Cell Disease ◽  
European Pharmacopoeia ◽  
Powder Preparation ◽  
The World

<p>Sickle cell disease is a major public health problem. It is the first genetic disease in the world. FACA syrup offers an alternative treatment. It is a dry powder preparation of two components, the roots barks of <em>Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides</em> Lam. (Rutaceae) Zepernick, Timler and <em>Calotropis procera</em>. Ait. R.B.r. (Asclepiadaceae). The product was developed at Institute for Research in Health Sciences (IRSS) from a traditional recipe used in Burkina Faso for treatment of sickle cell crises. This study aimed to establish physical-chemical, pharmaco technical and microbiological control parameters essential for the standardization of the phytomedicine. This valuation concerned specifications of moisture content, pH, the fingerprint by thin layer chromatography, pesticide residues, heavy metal content, microbial quality, and total ash. These charcteristics were determined by the methods prescribed by the World Health Organization (1998) and the European Pharmacopoeia 6th edition. The results have shown that dry syrups and reconstituted syrups were sweet, slightly spicy with a bitter after taste, a white room color and a faint odor. The density at the preparation was 0.985 and the pH was 5.93. After 2 months of storage in the laboratory, the organoleptic parameters of the reconstituted syrups have not changed. They were mold free, the density remained around 1 and the pH between 5 and 4. These parameters have shown that the quality of plants powders and these medicine comply with the recommendations of the European pharmacopoeia. Faca syrup may contribute to the better management of sickle cell disease in children.</p>

scholarly journals Hepatitis E Vaccine: Present and Future

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 330-336
Author(s):  
MH Rashid ◽  
MA Alim ◽  
MK Rahman ◽  
MM Hoque Chowdhary ◽  
MM Rahman Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Genotype 3 ◽  
Genotype 4 ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Genotype 2 ◽  
The World

Viral hepatitis is a major public health problem in the world, and it can be caused by blood- and food-borne viruses. Blood-borne 'hepatitis agents are HBV, HCV and HDV, whereas HAV and HEV are food-borne hepatitis viruses. HEV infection is an important infectious agent in developing countries, but it is also an emerging disease in developed countries, which is likely due to travel or immigration from endemic areas. The main route of human HEV transmission is fecal-oral (fecally contaminated water), although other routes were also reported such as person-to-person transmission, blood products, mother-to-child transmission and zoonotic transmission (e.g., by pigs, particularly in developed countries, and seafood. Epidemiologically, only one serotype of HEV exists in the world, Genetically , the virus has been classified  into four genotypes  and several subgenotypes  designated  1 (1a-e), 2 (2a and b), 3 (3a­j) and 4 (4a-g). Each genotype shows a distinct geographical distrib ution. Genotype 1 of HEV is reported from developing countries in Asia and Africa; genotype 2 has been detected in some countries in Africa as well as in Mexico; genotype 3 is distributed globally and genotype 4 of HEV is only found in Asian countries. The genotypes may not only vary with respect to their geographical distribution, but also in their pathogenicity. Genotypes 1 and 2 are primarily human pathogens, causing acute hepatitis in young, nonimmunocompromised people; genotypes 3 and 4, however, have been found in swine and other animals and could therefore be responsible for zoonotic transmissions, preferentially in the elderly or in immunocompromised patients.TAJ 2009; 22(1): 330-336

scholarly journals Association of Cassava Consumption with Median Urinary Iodine Concentrations and Goiter Prevalence: A Pooled Analysis of 176 Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 910-910
Author(s):  
Paddy Ssentongo ◽  
Djibril Ba ◽  
Matt Pelton ◽  
Holly Wisnousky ◽  
Nick Lazzara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
World Health ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Country Level ◽  
The World ◽  
Goiter Prevalence

Abstract Objectives Despite the universal iodization of salt in most parts of the world, iodine deficiency disorder remains a major public health problem, affecting over 2 billion people. Published literature on the association of over-consumption of cassava (a goitrogenic food) with lower urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and increased goiter prevalence are inconsistent. We aimed to examine the association of country-level cassava consumption with country-level median urinary iodine concentrations and goiter prevalence. Methods We analyzed data on cassava consumption (kcal/capita/day) from the food and agriculture organization (FAO), median UIC, and goiter prevalence from the World Health Organization for 176 countries. We adjusted for country-level salt iodization rates. Meta-regression analysis was used to estimate the association of cassava consumption with median UIC and goiter prevalence. Results The median UIC was: 171 μg/L; 25th and 75th percentile: 119–220). Median cassava consumption was 114 kcal/capita/day (25th and 75th percentile: 22–284). In the pooled multivariable-adjusted analysis, a 10-fold increase in salt iodization rate was significantly associated with a 157% increase in median UIC (β = 15.7, P = 0. 009. We found no association between cassava consumption and median UIC (β = −0.01, P = 0.90) or goiter prevalence (β = −0.005, P = 0.75). We consistently found no association between cassava consumption and the aforementioned outcomes in the subgroup of low and middle-income countries versus high-income countries and the lagged year of cassava consumption. Conclusions In this ecological study, the consumption of iodized salt was associated with higher median UIC. We found no association of cassava consumption with reduced median UIC or increased goiter prevalence. Funding Sources None.

scholarly journals DRUG UTILIZATION ANALYSIS OF ANTI-SNAKE VENOM AT A TERTIARY CARE CENTER IN CENTRAL MAHARASHTRA: A 3-YEAR RETROSPECTIVE STUDY

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 134
Author(s):  
Ketan Y Asawale ◽  
Mukesh C Mehta ◽  
Pravin S Uike
Keyword(s):  
Snake Venom ◽  
Care Center ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
World Health ◽  
Definitive Treatment ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Prescribing Pattern ◽  
Bite Marks ◽  
The World

Objectives: In India, snakebite is a major public health problem. Anti-snake venom serum (ASVS) is the definitive treatment for poisonous snakebites. However, the non-availability of effective ASVS to treat the specific types of snakebite envenomation encountered in various regions of the world has become a critical health issue at global level. In the present observational descriptive study, we observed the prescribing pattern and rationality of ASVS and the dosage of ASVS at our hospital and compared them with the standard guidelines in the treatment of snakebite cases with the aim to observe optimum utilization of ASVS.Methods: Data collection of registered cases of snakebite of 3 years from January to December 2012, 2013, and 2014 was carried out between January 2015 and December 2015.Results: A total of 935 cases were studied. ASVS treatment was given to 774 cases of snakebite, out of which 161 had no bite marks and 613 patients had bite marks. Majority (615 [79.45%]) of cases were treated with 1–20 vials of ASVS during total stay at center. Overall, 899 cases were discharged, among them 606 cases were not followed the World Health Organization guidelines. 29 cases succumbed and seven were referred to other center. The mortality observed during the 3 years was 3.10%.Conclusion: We observed individualized treatment for treatment with ASVS, thereby reducing the use of ASVS. Thus, we conclude that individualized approach depending on locally predominant snakes for the treatment of snakebite based on the degree of envenomation is a way by which the scarce ASVS can be used optimally.

Heterocycles in the Treatment of Neglected Tropical Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kush K. Maheshwari ◽  
Debasish Bandyopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Heterocyclic Compounds ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Tropical Diseases ◽  
Concise Review ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Background: Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) affect a huge population of the world and majority of the victims belong to the poor community of the developing countries. Until now, the World Health Organization (WHO) has identified 20 tropical diseases as NTDs that must be addressed with high priority. However, many heterocyclic scaffolds have demonstrated potent therapeutic activity against several NTDs. Objective: There are three major objectives: (1) To discuss the causes, symptoms, and current status of all the 20 NTDs; (2) To explore the available heterocyclic drugs, and their mechanism of actions (if known) that are being used to treat NTDs; (3) To develop general awareness on NTDs among the medicinal/health research community and beyond. Methods: The 20 NTDs have been discussed according to their alphabetic orders along with the possible heterocyclic remedies. Current status of treatment with an emphasis on the heterocyclic drugs (commercially available and investigational) has been outlined. In addition, brief discussion of the impacts of NTDs on socio-economic condition is included. Results: NTDs are often difficult to diagnose and the problem is worsened by the unhealthy hygiene, improper awareness, and inadequate healthcare in the developing countries where these diseases primarily affect poor people. The statistics include duration of suffering, numbers affected, and access to healthcare and medication. The mechanism of actions of various heterocyclic drugs, if reported, have been briefly summarized. Conclusion: Scientists and pharmaceutical corporations should allocate more resources to reveal the in-depth mechanism of actions of many heterocyclic drugs that are currently being used for the treatment of NTDs. Analysis of current heterocyclic compounds and development of new medications can help in the fight to reduce/remove the devastating effects of NTDs. An opinion-based concise review has been presented. Based on available literature, this is the first effect to present all the 20 NTDs and related heterocyclic compounds under the same umbrella.

scholarly journals Prevalence of anemia among pregnant women in rural Koppal: a study from teaching hospital, Koppal, India

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 3792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seema B. N.
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Peripheral Blood Smear ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
World Health ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Severe Anemia ◽  
Mild Anemia ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Prevalence Of Anemia

Background: Anemia is the nutritional deficiency disorder and 56% of all women living in developing countries are anaemic according to World Health Organization. India has the highest prevalence of anaemia and 20% of total maternal deaths are due to anemia. To determine the prevalence of anemia and factors influencing its causation among pregnant women.           Methods: This is the study of 1769 pregnant women which was conducted in a rural population of Koppal district, Karnataka, India, from June 2016 to November 2016 i.e. a period of 6 months. This longitudinal prospective observational study was conducted in the district hospital of Koppal. Anemia was classified as per the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) criteria. The diagnosis of anemia was undertaken by peripheral blood smear examination and standard hemoglobin estimation by shale’s method.Results: The average age of pregnant women was 23.5 years, ranging between 18 and 40 years. Most of the women belonged to below poverty line (BPL) families (84.6%) and Hindu religion (98%). Regarding education, 28.9% were illiterates. The mean haemoglobin level was found to be 8.95. Prevalence of anemia was 96.5% among the pregnant females in this region of rural Koppal. Out of these 22.47% had mild anemia, 56.30% had moderate anemia, 14.98% had severe anemia and 2.73% very severe anemia according to ICMR classification of anemia.Conclusions: High prevalence of anemia among pregnant women indicates anemia to be a major public health problem in the rural community and indicates strict implementation of National Nutrition Anemia prophylaxis programme. Factors such as socioeconomic status, education, birth interval, and gravida contribute to this high prevalence.

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