scholarly journals Prof. Goldscheider und D-r Flatau. Normale und pathologische Anatomie der Nervenzellen auf Grund der neueren Forschungen. Berlin, 1898. (Mit 8 Abbildungen im Text und 7 Tafeln)

2020 ◽  
Vol VI (3) ◽  
pp. 241-244
Author(s):  
A. A. Tsvetaev
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Fiber ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Motor Cells ◽  
Pathologische Anatomie ◽  
The Way

The question of the normal and pathological histology of nerve cells is increasingly occupying the minds of specialists-researchers of different countries. Despite the fact that the results obtained do not yet make it possible to talk about them, as about the last word in this area of ​​knowledge, the work on combining the accumulated material is not the same. So Nissl gives in his work about hypotheses of the functions of nerve cells; In such a form, a particular question appears about the recovery of sick motor cells (after cutting the nerve fiber, in case of poisoning with poison), etc. Some authors ask themselves the question of facilitating further work, carefully collecting the existing literature. The last one includes, by the way, the work of Dr. Muravyov (Russian Archives of Pathology, etc. 1897. December), as well as the work written out above by Prof. Goldscheider and Dr. Flatau.

NON-IONIZING (ULTRA-WIDEBAND FREQUENCY) ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION EFFECT ON NERVE FIBER ACTION POTENTIAL OF HUMAN BODY

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (5-6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Syafiq Noor Azizi ◽  
Azahari Salleh ◽  
Adib Othman ◽  
Nor Azlan Mohd Aris ◽  
Najmiah Radiah Mohamad
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Radiation ◽  
Nerve Fiber ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Radiation Effect ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ultra Wideband ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Radio System ◽  
Human Arm ◽  
The Way

In modern telemedicine systems the physiological data of patients can be measured with the aid of electronic sensors located on and inside the human body. The collected medical data is then transmitted wirelessly to an external unit for processing, thereby enhancing the health monitoring, diagnosis, and therapy of the patients. In biomedical application, the process requires transmitting data, images and videos from inside the body taken by a radio system of a size of a pill seems to be the way. The use of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation in various areas like medical application has arisen the electromagnetic radiation problem. The services provided by this type of application can cause either good or bad effects on human body depending on the power level, frequency and the way it being used. The implant antenna with ultra-wideband (UWB) frequency will be used by inserting it into the nerve of human arm in term of homogenous model. Ultra-wideband (UWB) is a wireless technology that potential applications in variety of medical areas such as implant wireless sensors, microwave hyperthermia, imaging and radar. It can transmit digital data over a wide frequency spectrum with very low power and at very high data rates. Hence, this paper present the non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation effect on electrical nerve fiber of human arm model with the presence of other human tissues such as fat, muscle, skin and etc. at ultra-wideband frequency which is expected to improve the understanding of radio propagation inside human body hence contribute to more advance and innovative medical implants. CST Microwave Studio is one of the EM modeling code which can be used for bio electromagnetic purpose.

Soliton Solutions and Applications on Neuronal Hodgkin-Huxley Model

2013 ◽  
Vol 411-414 ◽  
pp. 3265-3268
Author(s):  
Lin Wang ◽  
Ying Jie Wang ◽  
Xiao Yu Chen ◽  
Xiao Qiang Liang
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Fiber ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Neuron Model ◽  
Soliton Solutions ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Numerical Results ◽  
Nerve Impulses ◽  
Physiological Phenomenon ◽  
Conduction Theory

from one neuron to another neuron fibers generate action potentials of nerve cells, leading to nervous excitement along. Hodgkin - Huxley neuron model has been used to solve many physiological phenomenon. This paper presents Neuralfiber conduction theory, based on the Hodgkin - Huxley model, considering the propagation of nerve impulses nerve fiber soliton solutions, and to further discuss the application of numerical results are two aspects raised.

scholarly journals G. Marinesco. The ratio of multiple neuritis to primary and secondary lesions of nerve cells. Des polyn evrites en raport avec les lesions secondaires et les lesions primitives des cellules nerveuses. Revue neurologique, no. 5, Mars 1896

2020 ◽  
Vol V (4) ◽  
pp. 209-210
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Fiber ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Second Period

At the beginning of the work, the author speaks of the volume of changes in the nerve cells that occur every time after the nerve fiber overload. Coloring by the Nissl's method made it possible to establish two periods in these changes. In the first period, only the chromatic substance is changed: there is a partial disintegration of chromatophilic elements, starting with the separation of the axial-cylindrical process and at the same time the nucleus moves to the periphery of the cell. In the second period, the degeneration of achromatin and the axial-cylindrical process that consists of it begins. This allows the author to call achromatin trophoplasm, as a substance serving to feed the cell. Chromatin, on the other hand, considers it necessary for the accumulation of the difference in potentials of the centrifugal nervous wave and calls it kinetoplasm.

German Retrospect

1898 ◽  
Vol 44 (184) ◽  
pp. 173-177
Author(s):  
William W. Ireland
Keyword(s):  
Living Organism ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Spinal Ganglia ◽  
Normal Functions ◽  
Psychological Analysis ◽  
Typical Cell ◽  
Large Motor ◽  
Motor Cells ◽  
Typhus Fever ◽  
Made In

The Effect of Poisons on Nerve Cells.—Nissl gave a demonstration of the result of his researches to the meeting of German alienists, held at Heidelberg, 18th September (Centralblatt für Nervenheilkunde, October, 1896). He thinks it useless to discuss the question how far the nerve cell which we see under the microscope resembles that in the living organism; but he aims at having a pattern or typical cell not altered by our treatment. For this purpose the animal should be killed in a particular manner, and the preparation always made in the same way. Then any deviation from the pattern cell must be owing to some other causes. In this way he has studied the changes in the large motor cells of the anterior horn of the spinal cord of the rabbit after administration of strychnine, veratria, arsenic, alcohol, phosphorus, and the toxin of tetanus. He had also studied the motor cells and the cells of Purkinje and those of spinal ganglia of the rabbit after giving lead, the cells in the sympathetic after poisoning by arsenic, and the cells of the cortex of the same animal after poisoning by alcohol, morphia, and lead. He had also studied the cells in the human brain in a case of poisoning by phosphorus and typhus fever. Nissl's method is to give the animal sufficient doses to maintain a toxic effect without ending life. He compares the cell thus acted upon with a healthy cell from the same locality. He has found that after the action of these poisons the effect is not uniform in all the nerve cells; some are more affected than others, while different cells are affected through different poisons. He observes that in some the nuclei are altered, becoming rounder and more homogeneous and take a deeper colour. Dr. Nissl gave twenty-four illustrations of his preparations coloured in his own methods; he also demonstrated the various kinds of nerve cells and pointed out the relation of different species of cells in the nervous centres of vertebrate animals to the different functions. He thought that with the help of a more thorough clinical and psychological analysis we might hope yet to find out the function of different cells in the nerve tissues. He observed that when there are marked alterations in the nuclei, the cells can no longer be restored to their normal functions. Hitzig observed that in tetanus there was found vacuolisation of the nerve cells on dyeing with carmine; but Nissl holds these vacuols to be an artificial product.

scholarly journals A STUDY OF THE SPINAL CORD BY NISSL'S METHOD IN TYPHOID FEVER AND IN EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION WITH THE TYPHOID BACILLUS

1899 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Longworth Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Central Type ◽  
Typhoid Bacillus ◽  
Lumbar Segment ◽  
Motor Cells

(1) The application of the Nissl method to the study of the motor cells of the spinal cord, and the nerve cells of the dorsal root ganglia in typhoid fever, shows that these cells regularly suffer pathological changes in the course of the infection. (2) The alterations in the motor cells are more constant and of a severer grade than are those in the cells of the sensory ganglia. The more characteristic changes consist of disintegration, solution and destruction of the chromatic substance of the cell starting from the axone hillock and proceeding toward the nucleus. Coincidently the nuclei of the affected cells seek the periphery. Alterations are also suffered by the nucleus and nucleolus. (3) While this central form of ehromatolysis is the prevailing type of pathological change, disintegration, etc., of the Nissl bodies situated in the periphery of the cell and in the dendrites is also observed (peripheral chromatolysis). (4) In experimental infection with typhoid bacilli in rabbits a similar series of lesions in the corresponding nerve cells in the spinal cord and ganglia is encountered. (5) The main or central type of lesions discovered is identical with that found in man and animals after section, destruction, or even slight injury of the peripheral nerves. (6) The examination of the peripheral nerves arising from the lumbar segment of the cord (the site in man and rabbit of the most profound changes) in rabbits inoculated with typhoid bacilli showed well-marked evidences of parenchymatous degeneration. (7> It is probable that lesions of the peripheral nerves in typhoid fever in human beings are common and that the post-typhoid hyper sthesias and paralyses are due to this cause. (8) Restitution of the chromatic granules may take place in the affected nerve cells, the new formation beginning about the nucleus and extending through the protoplasm.

The properties and connections of nerve cells in leech ganglia maintained in culture

1976 ◽  
Vol 194 (1116) ◽  
pp. 295-311 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Action Potentials ◽  
Motor Nerve ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Sensory Cells ◽  
Synaptic Action ◽  
Synaptic Potentials ◽  
Motor Neurones ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Motor Cells

Segmental ganglia of the central nervous system of the leech were maintained in culture medium outside the animal for several weeks at 16°C, and electrical recordings made from identified sensory and motor nerve cells. Ganglia were isolated and cultured singly, in chains and connected to the skin and muscles they normally innervate. Such preparations are suitable for a study of relatively long-term changes that occur as a result of denervation. The changes resemble those seen in isolated ganglia that had been kept in situ in the animal. (1) Resting and action potentials in sensory and motor neurones of isolated ganglia appear normal for up to ten weeks. The same cells can be tested at intervals of a few days. (2) Sensory cells, classified as touch (T), pressure (P) or nociceptive (N) according to their morphology and electrical properties, continue to respond selectively to stimuli of the appropriate modality applied to their receptive fields in the skin; action potentials in motor cells cause contractions in the appropriate muscles. (3) Chemical synaptic transmission between sensory and motor nerve cells changes markedly over the first three weeks; excitatory and inhibitory synaptic potentials can double in size and duration over a period of about two weeks in culture. (4) The balance between excitatory and inhibitory synaptic influences changes sequentially after isolation in culture. For example, P or N cells innervating a cell which erects skin annuli normally cause small depolarizing excitatory potentials. After 5 days in culture they initiate large inhibitory synaptic potentials, while by 15 days the balance between excitation and inhibition changes again, so that the predominant synaptic action is an abnormally large prolonged excitatory potential. (5) After more than three weeks synaptic potentials disappear and ganglia lose transparency. (6) The morphological appearance of T, P and N sensory cells has been compared in cultured and normal ganglia after injection of horseradish peroxidase. In cultured ganglia the major branching pattern appears normal but presumed sites of transmitter release become more conspicuous.

Self-sacrifice for in-group's history: A diachronic perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Babińska ◽  
Michal Bilewicz
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Psychology ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Emotional Events ◽  
Reciprocal Process ◽  
The Way

AbstractThe problem of extended fusion and identification can be approached from a diachronic perspective. Based on our own research, as well as findings from the fields of social, political, and clinical psychology, we argue that the way contemporary emotional events shape local fusion is similar to the way in which historical experiences shape extended fusion. We propose a reciprocal process in which historical events shape contemporary identities, whereas contemporary identities shape interpretations of past traumas.

What is the purpose of cognition?

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aba Szollosi ◽  
Ben R. Newell
Keyword(s):  
Infinite Number ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
The Way

Abstract The purpose of human cognition depends on the problem people try to solve. Defining the purpose is difficult, because people seem capable of representing problems in an infinite number of ways. The way in which the function of cognition develops needs to be central to our theories.

Peculiarity Parameters

1976 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 233-254
Author(s):  
H. M. Maitzen
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
Observational Evidence ◽  
Rotator Model ◽  
Peculiar Behaviour ◽  
Field Spectrum ◽  
Oblique Rotator ◽  
Ap Stars ◽  
The Way

Ap stars are peculiar in many aspects. During this century astronomers have been trying to collect data about these and have found a confusing variety of peculiar behaviour even from star to star that Struve stated in 1942 that at least we know that these phenomena are not supernatural. A real push to start deeper theoretical work on Ap stars was given by an additional observational evidence, namely the discovery of magnetic fields on these stars by Babcock (1947). This originated the concept that magnetic fields are the cause for spectroscopic and photometric peculiarities. Great leaps for the astronomical mankind were the Oblique Rotator model by Stibbs (1950) and Deutsch (1954), which by the way provided mathematical tools for the later handling pulsar geometries, anti the discovery of phase coincidence of the extrema of magnetic field, spectrum and photometric variations (e.g. Jarzebowski, 1960).

The mensuration of interfaces

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 216-217
Author(s):  
W.M. Stobbs
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
50Th Anniversary ◽  
Numerical Data ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Dynamical Theory ◽  
Large Strains ◽  
Reasonable Approach ◽  
Lattice Resolution ◽  
Analogue To Digital ◽  
The Way

I do not have access to the abstracts of the first meeting of EMSA but at this, the 50th Anniversary meeting of the Electron Microscopy Society of America, I have an excuse to consider the historical origins of the approaches we take to the use of electron microscopy for the characterisation of materials. I have myself been actively involved in the use of TEM for the characterisation of heterogeneities for little more than half of that period. My own view is that it was between the 3rd International Meeting at London, and the 1956 Stockholm meeting, the first of the European series , that the foundations of the approaches we now take to the characterisation of a material using the TEM were laid down. (This was 10 years before I took dynamical theory to be etched in stone.) It was at the 1956 meeting that Menter showed lattice resolution images of sodium faujasite and Hirsch, Home and Whelan showed images of dislocations in the XlVth session on “metallography and other industrial applications”. I have always incidentally been delighted by the way the latter authors misinterpreted astonishingly clear thickness fringes in a beaten (”) foil of Al as being contrast due to “large strains”, an error which they corrected with admirable rapidity as the theory developed. At the London meeting the research described covered a broad range of approaches, including many that are only now being rediscovered as worth further effort: however such is the power of “the image” to persuade that the above two papers set trends which influence, perhaps too strongly, the approaches we take now. Menter was clear that the way the planes in his image tended to be curved was associated with the imaging conditions rather than with lattice strains, and yet it now seems to be common practice to assume that the dots in an “atomic resolution image” can faithfully represent the variations in atomic spacing at a localised defect. Even when the more reasonable approach is taken of matching the image details with a computed simulation for an assumed model, the non-uniqueness of the interpreted fit seems to be rather rarely appreciated. Hirsch et al., on the other hand, made a point of using their images to get numerical data on characteristics of the specimen they examined, such as its dislocation density, which would not be expected to be influenced by uncertainties in the contrast. Nonetheless the trends were set with microscope manufacturers producing higher and higher resolution microscopes, while the blind faith of the users in the image produced as being a near directly interpretable representation of reality seems to have increased rather than been generally questioned. But if we want to test structural models we need numbers and it is the analogue to digital conversion of the information in the image which is required.

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