scholarly journals The volume of the anatomical connections of the frontal lobes

2020 ◽  
Vol V (4) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
M. N. Zhukovsky
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Frontal Lobes ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
Subsequent Processing ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Anatomical Part

The question of the connection between the frontal lobes and the various parts of the brain still remains far from solved completely, despite a whole series of studies in this direction. In view of this, at the suggestion of the highly respected teacher V.M.Bekhterev, I undertook this work with the aim of clarifying this issue in detail. My study consisted in the destruction of the frontal lobes in animals with the subsequent processing of their brains according to the Marchi method, and in addition, in a detailed study of physiological phenomena in the operated animals. But regarding the second part of my work, I intend to speak in another section, limiting myself at the present to the anatomical part. Before proceeding to the presentation of the results obtained by me, I will try to briefly outline the literature of the question of interest to me. The literature on the connections of the frontal lobe with various areas of the brain is directly adjacent to the literature on the connections of the cerebral cortex in general and seems to be very extensive, which is why I will confine myself to a more detailed sketch of a part of it, concerning more or less controversial issues, mentioning only briefly about the research on which there is a contradiction.

Beyond the Homunculus: The Executive Brain: Frontal Lobe and the Civilized Mind, by Elkhonon Goldberg. 2001. New York: Oxford University Press. 251 pp., $29.95 (HB).

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 498-499
Author(s):  
William B. Barr
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Frontal Lobes ◽  
Mental Activity ◽  
Good News ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
Frontal Lobe Functions ◽  
The Brain

There is an old saying that one of mankind's biggest challenge will be to fully understand the functioning of the human brain. Some point out the ultimate irony of needing to utilize all 1400 grams of this organ to understand itself. When confronted with the riddle of frontal lobe functions, this argument can be extended further: the part of the brain that is considered to be most responsible for the highest forms of mental activity is likely to be pushed to its own limits in an effort to understand its own functions. While this might seem like an endless loop to some, the good news is that our field has been making serious advances in understanding the executive functions, those abilities we commonly attribute to the frontal lobes. Many of these successes are presented in a clear and engaging manner in this monograph.

Evaluating tastes and aromas of wine: a peek inside the “black box”

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 208-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon B. Rinaldo ◽  
Dale F. Duhan ◽  
Brent Trela ◽  
Tim Dodd ◽  
Natalia Velikova
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
Frontal Lobes ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Infrared Measurement ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Insight Into

Purpose – Wine tasting is an integral method for engaging consumers. Producers go to great lengths to educate consumers on evaluating quality based on taste and aroma. Understanding the sensory and perceptual processes of wine tasting may offer insight into how consumers at different levels of wine expertise use their senses to evaluate wine. Design/methodology/approach – This study used functional near-infrared spectroscopy to examine processing in the frontal lobe of the brain during wine tasting and aroma evaluation. Sixty subjects evaluated the tastes and aromas of wine samples with various levels of sweetness, whereas 16 defined areas of their frontal lobes were measured with functional near infrared measurement. Findings – The subjects’ orbitofrontal cortices were activated during both olfaction (smelling) and tasting. Further, larger areas of the frontal lobes showed significant activation during the olfaction task than during the tasting task. The level of the subjects’ wine knowledge did not predict differences in neural processing when participants evaluated aroma of wine; however, subjects with higher wine knowledge did show significantly higher activation in specific frontal lobe regions when tasting. Differences in levels of product involvement among the subjects were not significant for the tasting task, but were significant for the olfaction task. Originality/value – Developing a better understanding of the biological processes involved in tasting may lead to understanding the differences in consumer preferences for wine. This, in turn, may assist tasting room managers to adjust their tasting procedure to be tailored to consumer-specific needs.

Psychiatry and the Frontal Lobes

1990 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janice D. Russell ◽  
Milton G. Roxanas
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Neuropsychological Testing ◽  
Frontal Lobes ◽  
Biological Data ◽  
Frontal Lobe Damage ◽  
Psychiatric Conditions ◽  
The Brain

The frontal lobes of the brain have long been regarded as enigmatic in their function and perhaps should be considered even more so in states of dysfunction. Observed associations between structural lesions and psychiatric symptoms and the demonstration of disturbed function and morphology in the frontal lobes of individuals suffering from major psychiatric disorders have led to increased interest in this brain area. Psychiatrists have been particularly concerned with seeking the aetiogenesis of common diagnostic entities and this article attempts to synthesize the available facts. A brief overview of relevant biological data precedes a description of methods of neuropsychological testing and the clinical features arising from frontal lobe damage. A discussion of the role of the frontal lobes in some aspects of personality function follows. Neuropsychiatric features associated with known frontal lobe pathology are described, prefacing a discussion of those psychiatric conditions where an aetiological role for frontal lobe dysfunction has been proposed.

The Comparative Anatomy of the Frontal Lobe, and its Bearing upon the Pathology of Insanity

1911 ◽  
Vol 57 (236) ◽  
pp. 52-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sydney J. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Late Development ◽  
Naked Eye ◽  
Prefrontal Region ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Comparative Histology ◽  
Great Development

Dr. J. S. Bolton has shown that in dementia the seat of greatest wasting of the cerebral cortex is commonly the prefrontal region, a region which (following Flechsig) he regards as a centre of higher association, the great development of which constitutes a leading character of the brain of man. This is a region which in man is one of the latest to myelinate (thirty-fifth in order, according to Flechsig), and if the order of myelination, as a part of ontogeny, may be taken as an approximate recapitulation of the order of phylogeny, then we might infer that the prefrontal region of man is a new region, of late development, absent or poorly developed in animals lower than man. Upon this assumption the predominant wasting of this region in dementia would be readily explained in accordance with Hughlings Jackson's doctrine of evolution and dissolution—dissolution following the inverse order of evolution. For an understanding of the pathology of insanity it is obviously important to inquire how far a study of comparative anatomy, especially of the primates, lends any support to such a conception. The aim of my discourse is accordingly to present, first, a brief survey of the recent observations of Dr. K. Brodmann, of Berlin, upon the comparative histology of the frontal cortex, and then some observations of my own upon naked-eye anatomy of the brain of man and higher apes.

Glucuronyl 3-sulfate occurs exclusively on distal unmyelinated terminals of selected sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 958-959
Author(s):  
S.S. Spicer ◽  
B.A. Schulte
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Sensory Nerves ◽  
Tissue Antigens ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Leu 7

Generation of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against tissue antigens has yielded several (VC1.1, HNK- 1, L2, 4F4 and anti-leu 7) which recognize the unique sugar epitope, glucuronyl 3-sulfate (Glc A3- SO4). In the central nervous system, these MAbs have demonstrated Glc A3-SO4 at the surface of neurons in the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum, the retina and other widespread regions of the brain.Here we describe the distribution of Glc A3-SO4 in the peripheral nervous system as determined by immunostaining with a MAb (VC 1.1) developed against antigen in the cat visual cortex. Outside the central nervous system, immunoreactivity was observed only in peripheral terminals of selected sensory nerves conducting transduction signals for touch, hearing, balance and taste. On the glassy membrane of the sinus hair in murine nasal skin, just deep to the ringwurt, VC 1.1 delineated an intensely stained, plaque-like area (Fig. 1). This previously unrecognized structure of the nasal vibrissae presumably serves as a tactile end organ and to our knowledge is not demonstrable by means other than its selective immunopositivity with VC1.1 and its appearance as a densely fibrillar area in H&E stained sections.

Neurotransmitter systems of female mouse brain during growth of malignant melanoma modeled on the background of chronic pain

2018 ◽  
pp. 49-55
Author(s):  
О.И. Кит ◽  
И.М. Котиева ◽  
Е.М. Франциянц ◽  
И.В. Каплиева ◽  
Л.К. Трепитаки ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Malignant Melanoma ◽  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Female Mouse ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Malignant Growth ◽  
Course Of Disease ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Melanoma Growth

Известно, что биогенные амины (БА) участвуют в злокачественном росте, их уровень изменяется в ЦНС при болевом воздействии, однако исследований о сочетанном влиянии хронической боли (ХБ) и онкопатологии на динамику БА в головном мозге не проводилось. Цель: изучить особенности баланса БА в коре головного мозга в динамике роста меланомы, воспроизведенной на фоне ХБ. Материалы и методы. Работа выполнена на 64 мышах-самках, весом 21-22 г. Животным основной группы меланому В16/F10 перевивали под кожу спины через 2 недели после перевязки седалищных нервов. Группой сравнения служили мыши с меланомой без боли. Уровни БА: адреналина, норадреналина, дофамина (ДА), серотонина (5-НТ), гистамина, а также 5-ОИУК определяли методом иммуноферментного анализа. Результаты. У мышей с ХБ уменьшается содержание большинства БА, однако уровень ДА не изменяется. Метаболизм 5-НТ происходит с участием МАО. Развитие меланомы сопровождается увеличением содержания ДА и 5-НТ, тогда как МАО - ингибируется. Направленность сдвигов БА при развитии меланомы на фоне ХБ оказалась практически такой же, как и без неё. В то же время ХБ ограничивает накопление 5-НТ в коре мозга при меланоме, что сопровождается более агрессивным её течением. Выводы. ХБ ограничивает включение стресс-лимитирующих механизмов в головном мозге при развитии меланомы у мышей, что приводит к более агрессивному течению злокачественного процесса. Biogenic amines (BA) are known to be involved in malignant growth, and their CNS levels change in pain; however, there are no studies of combined effects of chronic pain (CP) and cancer on BA dynamics in the brain. Aim: To study features of BA balance in the cerebral cortex during melanoma growth associated with CP. Material and methods. The study included 64 female mice weighing 21-22 g. In the main groups, B16/F10 melanoma was transplanted under the skin of the back two weeks following sciatic nerve ligation. Mice with melanoma without pain were used as the control. Concentrations of BA: adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), histamine and 5-HIAA were measured with ELISA. Results. Concentrations of BAs decreased in mice with CP although DA levels did not change. 5-HT metabolism involved MAO. The development of melanoma was accompanied by increases in DA and 5-HT whereas MAO was inhibited. The direction of BA changes during the development of melanoma was the same with and without CP. At the same time, CP with melanoma limited accumulation of 5-HT in the cerebral cortex, which resulted in even more aggressive course of cancer. Conclusion. CP restricted the activation of cerebral stress-limiting mechanisms during the development of melanoma in mice, which resulted in a more aggressive course of disease.

scholarly journals Long-Term Glucose Starvation Induces Inflammatory Responses and Phenotype Switch in Primary Cortical Rat Astrocytes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Kogel ◽  
Stefanie Trinh ◽  
Natalie Gasterich ◽  
Cordian Beyer ◽  
Jochen Seitz
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Synapse Formation ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Glucose Starvation ◽  
Unfolded Protein ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Phenotype Switch ◽  
The Unfolded Protein Response ◽  
The Brain

AbstractAstrocytes are the most abundant cell type in the brain and crucial to ensure the metabolic supply of neurons and their synapse formation. Overnutrition as present in patients suffering from obesity causes astrogliosis in the hypothalamus. Other diseases accompanied by malnutrition appear to have an impact on the brain and astrocyte function. In the eating disorder anorexia nervosa (AN), patients suffer from undernutrition and develop volume reductions of the cerebral cortex, associated with reduced astrocyte proliferation and cell count. Although an effect on astrocytes and their function has already been shown for overnutrition, their role in long-term undernutrition remains unclear. The present study used primary rat cerebral cortex astrocytes to investigate their response to chronic glucose starvation. Cells were grown with a medium containing a reduced glucose concentration (2 mM) for 15 days. Long-term glucose starvation increased the expression of a subset of pro-inflammatory genes and shifted the primary astrocyte population to the pro-inflammatory A1-like phenotype. Moreover, genes encoding for proteins involved in the unfolded protein response were elevated. Our findings demonstrate that astrocytes under chronic glucose starvation respond with an inflammatory reaction. With respect to the multiple functions of astrocytes, an association between elevated inflammatory responses due to chronic starvation and alterations found in the brain of patients suffering from undernutrition seems possible.

THE METABOLISM OF NORMAL BRAIN AND HUMAN GLIOMAS IN RELATION TO CELL TYPE AND DENSITY

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irving H. Heller ◽  
K. A. C. Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Corpus Callosum ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Cerebellar Cortex ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Uptake Rates ◽  
The Brain

Per unit weight, cerebral and cerebellar cortex respire much more actively than corpus callosum. The rate per cell nucleus is highest in cerebral cortex, lower in corpus callosum, and still lower in cerebellar cortex. The oxygen uptake rates of the brain tumors studied, with the exception of an oligodendroglioma, were about the same as that of white matter on the weight basis but lower than that of cerebral cortex or white matter on the cell basis. In agreement with previous work, an oligodendroglioma respired much more actively than the other tumors. The rates of glycolysis of the brain tumors per unit weight were low but, relative to their respiration rate, glycolysis was higher than in normal gray or white matter. Consideration of the figures obtained leads to the following tentative conclusions: Glial cells of corpus callosum respire more actively than the neurons of the cerebellar cortex. Neurons of the cerebral cortex respire on the average much more actively than neurons of the cerebellar cortex or glial cells. Considerably more than 70% of the oxygen uptake by cerebral cortex is due to neurons. The oxygen uptake rates of normal oligodendroglia and astrocytes are probably about the same as the rates found per nucleus in an oligodendroglioma and in astrocytomas; oligodendroglia respire much more actively than astrocytes.

Dream Bizarreness as the Cognitive Correlate of Altered Neuronal Behavior in REM Sleep

1989 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam N. Mamelak ◽  
J. Allan Hobson
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Neuronal Dynamics ◽  
Neurophysiological Model ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Cognitive Feature ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Cognitive Correlate ◽  
Raphe Neurons

Bizarreness is a cognitive feature common to REM sleep dreams, which can be easily measured. Because bizarreness is highly specific to dreaming, we propose that it is most likely brought about by changes in neuronal activity that are specific to REM sleep. At the level of the dream plot, bizarreness can be defined as either discontinuity or incongruity. In addition, the dreamer's thoughts about the plot may be logically deficient. We propose that dream bizarreness is the cognitive concomitant of two kinds of changes in neuronal dynamics during REM sleep. One is the disinhibition of forebrain networks caused by the withdrawal of the modulatory influences of norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5HT) in REM sleep, secondary to cessation of firing of locus coeruleus and dorsal raphe neurons. This aminergic demodulation can be mathematically modeled as a shift toward increased error at the outputs from neural networks, and these errors might be represented cognitively as incongruities and/or discontinuities. We also consider the possibility that discontinuities are the cognitive concomitant of sudden bifurcations or “jumps” in the responses of forebrain neuronal networks. These bifurcations are caused by phasic discharge of pontogeniculooccipital (PGO) neurons during REM sleep, providing a source of cholinergic modulation to the forebrain which could evoke unpredictable network responses. When phasic PGO activity stops, the resultant activity in the brain may be wholly unrelated to patterns of activity dominant before such phasic stimulation began. Mathematically such sudden shifts from one pattern of activity to a second, unrelated one is called a bifurcation. We propose that the neuronal bifurcations brought about by PGO activity might be represented cognitively as bizarre discontinuities of dream plot. We regard these proposals as preliminary attempts to model the relationship between dream cognition and REM sleep neurophysiology. This neurophysiological model of dream bizarreness may also prove useful in understanding the contributions of REM sleep to the developmental and experiential plasticity of the cerebral cortex.

Normal ageing and the brain

1998 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-28
Author(s):  
CS Breathnach
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Cell Shrinkage ◽  
Ageing Processes ◽  
Normal Ageing ◽  
And Function ◽  
Ageing Brain ◽  
The Brain

AbstractInterest in the psychiatric aspects of old age predated the institution of geriatrics as a clinical discipline, but the systematic study of the ageing brain only began in the second half of this century when an ageing population presented a global numerical challenge to society. In the senescent cerebral cortex, though the number of neurons is not reduced, cell shrinkage results in synaptic impoverishment with consequent cognitive impairment. Recent advances in imaging techniques, combined with burgeoning knowledge of neurobiological structure and function, have increased our understanding of the ageing processes in the human brain and permit an optimistic approach in the application of the newer insights into neuropsychology and geriatric psychiatry.

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