scholarly journals Ferrari. Mental disorders in combination with multiple neuritis. (Korsakov's Cerebropathia psychica toxaemica, Polyneuritis Psychosis by other authors). —The Alienist and Neurologist, January 1896, no. 1

2020 ◽  
Vol V (1) ◽  
pp. 177-178
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Muscle Atrophy ◽  
Somatic Symptoms ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Electrical Excitability ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Difficulty Walking

Under the name Polyneuritis psychosis, Korsakov described a disease that differs from typical polyneuritis by the predominance of disorders on the part of the mental sphere. It begins with somatic symptoms vomiting, difficulty walking, pain and muscle atrophy; the electrical excitability of the muscles disappears, there are contractures; knee reflex disappears early, others remain normal or even increased. Death occurs from paralysis of the respiratory muscles. As for mental disorders, the last ones appear in the beginning of the disease in the form of simple irritability, after which amnesia comes to the fore.

Calpain and caspase-3 play required roles in immobilization-induced limb muscle atrophy

2013 ◽  
Vol 114 (10) ◽  
pp. 1482-1489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin E. Talbert ◽  
Ashley J. Smuder ◽  
Kisuk Min ◽  
Oh Sung Kwon ◽  
Scott K. Powers
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Atrophy ◽  
Caspase 3 ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Ubiquitin Proteasome System ◽  
Type I ◽  
Disuse Atrophy ◽  
Limb Muscle ◽  
Disuse Muscle Atrophy ◽  
Ubiquitin Proteasome ◽  
Rat Soleus Muscle

Prolonged skeletal muscle inactivity results in a rapid decrease in fiber size, primarily due to accelerated proteolysis. Although several proteases are known to contribute to disuse muscle atrophy, the ubiquitin proteasome system is often considered the most important proteolytic system during many conditions that promote muscle wasting. Emerging evidence suggests that calpain and caspase-3 may also play key roles in inactivity-induced atrophy of respiratory muscles, but it remains unknown if these proteases are essential for disuse atrophy in limb skeletal muscles. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that activation of both calpain and caspase-3 is required for locomotor muscle atrophy induced by hindlimb immobilization. Seven days of immobilization (i.e., limb casting) promoted significant atrophy in type I muscle fibers of the rat soleus muscle. Independent pharmacological inhibition of calpain or caspase-3 prevented this casting-induced atrophy. Interestingly, inhibition of calpain activity also prevented caspase-3 activation, and, conversely, inhibition of caspase-3 prevented calpain activation. These findings indicate that a regulatory cross talk exists between these proteases and provide the first evidence that the activation of calpain and caspase-3 is required for inactivity-induced limb muscle atrophy.

scholarly journals What do we know about sleep paralysis?

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 174-184
Author(s):  
Paulina Wróbel-Knybel ◽  
Michał Flis ◽  
Rafał Dubiel ◽  
Hanna Karakuła-Juchnowicz
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Somatic Symptoms ◽  
The Body ◽  
Somatic Complaints ◽  
Bibliographic Databases ◽  
Sleep Paralysis ◽  
Somatic Disorders ◽  
Hypnagogic Hallucinations

Summary Introduction: Sleep paralysis (SP) is a condition that widely occurs among people all over the world. It has been known for thousands of years and is rooted in the culture of many countries. It arouses strong emotions, though still little is known about it. The clinical picture of the disorder can be very diverse. It is often accompanied by hypnopompic and hypnagogic hallucinations, somatic complaints and the feeling of intense anxiety. A feeling of paralysis in the body with inhibited consciousness is always observed with the experience. SP pathophysiology is not fully understood, however, most theories explaining this phenomenon are based on the assumption that it results from dysfunctional overlap of REM sleep and wakefulness. It is experienced by healthy people, but it is more often associated with somatic and mental disorders, which is why it is becoming an object of interest for researchers. Aim: The aim of this work is to present the most important information about the disorder known as sleep paralysis - its history, cultural context, pathophysiology, prevalence, symptomatology, coexistence with other somatic and mental disorders as well as diagnostics and available forms of prevention and treatment. Materials and methodology: The available literature was reviewed using the Google Scholar bibliographic databases searching the following keywords: sleep paralysis, REM sleep parasomnias, sleep disorder, night terrors and time descriptors: 1980-2018. Results 1. Sleep paralysis has already been described in antiquity, and interpretations related to its occurrence are largely dependent on culture and beliefs. 2. Symptomatology of the disorder is very diverse: both mental and somatic symptoms are present. 3. The pathophysiology of the disorder has not been fully explained. The basis of most theories regarding sleep paralysis is the assumption that it results from the dysfunctional overlap of REM sleep and wakefulness. 4. The prevalence of SP at least once in a lifetime is 7.6% in the general population, although it is estimated that it is much more frequent in people with various mental and somatic disorders. 5. Treatment of SP is associated with a change in lifestyle and the use of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy.

scholarly journals Categorization of bodily sensations in psychodermatological disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 75-84
Author(s):  
Anastasia A. Ermusheva ◽  
Marina G. Vinogradova ◽  
Aleksander Sh. Tkhostov
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Health Anxiety ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Somatic Symptoms ◽  
Bodily Experience ◽  
Method Choice ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Healthy State ◽  
Bodily Sensations

Background. Categorization is one of the cognitive processes that ensure objects definition based on selected key features. Studying the aspects of categorization of bodily sensations allows to investigate the making sense of bodily sensations which seems promising in the context of exploring pathological bodily sensations. Objective: to study the aspects of categorization in psychodermatological disorders. Design. The study involved 113 patients with mental disorders with complaints of pathological bodily sensations (63 patients with psychodermatological disorders: delusional infestation (n = 33), neurotic excoriation (n = 30); 50 patients with depression with somatic symptoms). There were used the “Short Health Anxiety Inventory” and the psychosemantic method “Choice of descriptors of intraceptive sensations” with instructions: to choose bodily sensations of the healthy state, to classify sensations according to their similarity. Results. In psychodermatological disorders, health anxiety was lower in comparison to depression with somatic symptoms. The analysis of bodily sensations categorization of the healthy state revealed a significantly smaller descriptors number from classes of general somatic sensations, dynamics sensations, exteroceptive sensations and pleasant bodily sensations in psychodermatological disorders. In bodily sensations classification two general categories of bodily experience were distinguished: bodily sensations associated with the illness experience and bodily sensations of habitual functioning. Conclusion. Although there were the differences in health-anxiety and specificity of clinical manifestations in patients with mental disorders with complaints of pathological bodily sensations, the comparability of categorical structures of bodily experience was described, which manifested itself in features of general categories of bodily experience in psychodermatological disorders and depression with somatic symptoms.

Perimenopausal Mental Disorders: Epidemiology and Phenomenology

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 471-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Rasgon ◽  
Stephanie Shelton ◽  
Uriel Halbreich
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Menopausal Status ◽  
Somatic Symptoms ◽  
Unipolar Depression ◽  
Hot Flushes ◽  
Mood Symptoms ◽  
Mood Lability ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

AbstractPerimenopause, the interval of irregular menstrual activity which directly precedes menopause, is characterized by widely fluctuating hormone levels amidst a large-scale decline in circulating estrogen. This phase in a woman's life is typically accompanied by physical discomforts including vasomotor symptoms, such as headaches, insomnia, and hot flushes, as well as genital atrophy. Not surprisingly, studies suggest a significant increase in mood lability for women during this time. While some evidence points toward an exacerbation of bipolar mood symptoms and an increase in schizophrenic psychosis during perimenopause, the majority of research conducted on perimenopausal mental disorders has focused on unipolar depression. Studies vary widely in methodology, definitions of menopausal status, and degrees of depression among subjects; however, the majority of findings indicate an increased susceptibility to depression during the perimenopausal transition. This greater susceptibility may be due to neuroendocrine effects of declining estrogen levels, the subjective experience of somatic symptoms resulting from this hormonal decline, and/or the more frequent occurrence of “exit” or “loss” events for women during this stage of life. At this time, more research is needed to address questions of prevalence, risk, and etiology for depression and other major mental disorders as related to the physiological and psychosocial changes associated with perimenopause.

scholarly journals Comparing the Different Manifestations of Postpartum Mental Disorders by Origin, among Immigrants and Native-Born in Israel According to Different Mental Scales

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (21) ◽  
pp. 11513
Author(s):  
Shakked Lubotzky-Gete ◽  
Maru Gete ◽  
Roni Levy ◽  
Yaffa Kurzweil ◽  
Ronit Calderon-Margalit
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Distress ◽  
Stressful Life Events ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Somatic Symptoms ◽  
Distress Screening ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
One Year ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Former Ussr

We conducted a prospective study, aimed to study whether the prevalence of mental disorders after birth differs by country of origin. Parturient mothers of Ethiopian origin, Former-USSR (FSU) origin, or nonimmigrant, native-Israeli origin (n = 974, all Jewish) were recruited in hospitals in Israel and were followed 6–8 weeks and one year after birth. General linear models were used to study the associations between origin and mental health, comparing Ethiopian and FSU origin with native-Israeli. Ethiopian and FSU mothers were more likely to report on somatic symptoms, compared with native-Israeli women. Ethiopian origin was negatively and significantly associated with anxiety in all three interviews (β = −1.281, β = −0.678 and β = −1.072, respectively; p < 0.05 in all). FSU origin was negatively associated with depression after birth (β = −0.709, p = 0.036), and negatively associated with anxiety after birth and one-year postpartum (β = −0.494, and β = −0.630, respectively). Stressful life events were significantly associated with all mental disorders in the three time points of interviews. Our findings suggest that immigrants tend to express higher mental distress with somatic symptoms. Additional tools are needed for mental distress screening among immigrants.

Evaluation of ICD-10 PHC mental health guidelines in detecting and managing depression within primary care

1999 ◽  
Vol 175 (5) ◽  
pp. 476-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark W. M. Upton ◽  
Maggie Evans ◽  
David P. Goldberg ◽  
Deborah J. Sharp
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Primary Care ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Recognition Accuracy ◽  
Somatic Symptoms ◽  
Psychological Interventions ◽  
Treatment Standards ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Icd 10

BackgroundThe prevalence of mental disorders in the community is high, yet many remain unrecognised, misdiagnosed or poorly managed within primary care. Hence, guidelines for diagnosing and managing mental disorders in primary care, ICD–10 PHC, have been developed.AimsTo introduce the guidelines into primary care and to assess whether they improve recognition, accuracy of diagnosis and treatment standards.MethodGPs recorded information on all patients presenting with mental disorders before and after guidelines were introduced. A10% sample of patients underwent interviews to establish a formal diagnosis. Recognition of mental disorders was assessed by screening of patients attending their GP.ResultsThe guidelines had no impact on the overall detection of mental disorders, the accuracy of diagnosis or the prescription of antidepressants. There was a significant increase in the number of patients diagnosed with depression or unexplained somatic symptoms. The GPs also made increased use of psychological interventions.ConclusionsThe success of the guidelines in bringing about change is by no means certain. Some areas appeared more susceptible to change than others.

Cultural influences on the prevalence of common mental disorder, general practitioners' assessments and help-seeking among Punjabi and English people visiting their general practitioner

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 815-825 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. BHUI ◽  
D. BHUGRA ◽  
D. GOLDBERG ◽  
G. DUNN ◽  
M. DESAI
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
General Practitioners ◽  
Help Seeking ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Common Mental Disorder ◽  
Somatic Symptoms ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Clinical Disorders

Background. Culture influences symptom presentation and help-seeking and may influence the general practitioner's assessment.Methods. We recruited Punjabi and English GP attenders to a two-phase survey in London (UK) using the Amritsar Depression Inventory and the General Health Questionnaire as screening instruments. The Clinical Interview Schedule was the criterion measure. General practitioners completed Likert assessments.Results. The second phase was completed by 209 Punjabi and 180 English subjects. The prevalence of common mental disorders was not influenced by culture. Punjabi cases more often had ‘poor concentration and memory’ and ‘depressive ideas’ but were not more likely to have somatic symptoms. General practitioners were more likely to assess Punjabis with common mental disorder as having ‘physical and somatic’ symptoms or ‘sub-clinical disorders’. Punjabi cases with depressive ideas were less likely to be detected compared with English ones. In comparison to English men, English women were under-detected by Asian general practitioners. Help-seeking English subjects were more likely to be correctly identified as cases.Conclusions. The prevalence of common mental disorders and somatic symptoms does not differ across cultures. Among English subjects, general practitioners were more likely to identify correctly pure psychiatric illness and mixed pathology; but Punjabi subjects with common mental disorders were more often assessed as having ‘sub-clinical disorders’ and ‘physical and somatic’ disorders. English women were less well detected than English men. English help-seeking cases were more likely to be detected.

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