scholarly journals SIGNIFICANCE OF INTERSPECIES AND INTRASPECIES INTERACTIONS OF MICROORGANISMS AS A SUB-ORGANISM LEVEL IN THE HIERARCHY OF THE EPIDEMIC PROCESS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Yakovlev ◽  
Alexey V. Rakov ◽  
E. S. Pozdeeva
Keyword(s):  
World Literature ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Level System ◽  
Epidemic Process ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Competitive Mechanisms ◽  
Multi Level

In the modern period, the epidemic process is considered as a complex multi-level system, which includes a suborganism level (tissue, cellular, molecular), organismic and socio-ecosystem (population). In the human population, many pathogenic microorganisms circulate and cause disease in humans at the same time. As a rule, they exist in an associated state - a universal phenomenon for the vast majority of representatives of the microworld. Nevertheless, the possibility of interrelationships between them and their reflection in the development of the epidemic process and its manifestations, as a rule, is not taken into account. In the present work, based on an analysis of publications on the results of our own research by the authors and world literature, it is shown that at the sub-organism level of the epidemic process there is an active inter- and intraspecies interaction between representatives of different types of microorganisms, realized through integration-competitive mechanisms. This interaction is reflected both at the organism and population levels of epidemic process. Therefore, when conducting epidemiological studies, it is necessary to use an integrative approach that takes into account processes taking place at a suborganism level. Understanding the fact that microorganisms actively interact with each other will significantly increase our ability to develop new approaches to protect organism from infections, as well as adequately predict the occurrence and time of the development of epidemics.

scholarly journals Psychical Process in Social Perception

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 403-413
Author(s):  
Vladimir N. Panferov ◽  
Anastasia V. Miklyaeva ◽  
Svetlana A. Bezgodova
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Perception ◽  
Interpersonal Perception ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Level System ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Human Psychology ◽  
Mutual Awareness ◽  
Human Individual ◽  
Multi Level

The research features the theoretical construct of the psychical process in social perception in line with the integrative approach to human psychology and social interaction. The author believes that psychical processes can be described as an integrative phenomenon of social perception. The psychical process is a multi-level system of mental activity, determined by mutual awareness of people in the process of joint activity and communication. There are three levels of the psychical process in social perception: gnoseological, semiotic, and phenomenological. The gnoseological level is described through the categories "reflection", "representation", "expression", and "experience"; semiotic level is presented by the categories "sign", "value", "meaning", and "relation"; the phenomenological level is indicated by the categories "identification", "apperception", "interpretation", and "portrait". The methodological value of the construct of psychical process realizes the principle of integrity in the learning of human psychology. The author outlines some prospects for future studies of ways and methods of the human psychological qualities and their refraction in the human individual psychology in the course of social interaction. The paper illustrates the prospective use of the construct in interpersonal perception studies.

The ECtHR, transregional dialogues and global constitutionalism

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-551
Author(s):  
WAYNE SANDHOLTZ
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
Level System ◽  
Global Order ◽  
European Court ◽  
Human Rights Treaties ◽  
Global Constitutionalism ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Global Law ◽  
Decentralized Mechanism

AbstractIn A Cosmopolitan Legal Order, Stone Sweet and Ryan suggest that ‘from the standpoint of global law, we see that the [European Court of Human Rights] has taken its place in a pluralist, rights-based international order, as one trustee of this global order’. This article is a preliminary attempt to evaluate signs of movement toward global rights review. A multi-level charter of rights exists in the network of international and regional human rights treaties and in national constitutions. An incipient structure of global rights review exists in the form of the regional human rights courts, which see themselves as trustees of the larger global human rights system. Judicial dialogue among the regional courts allows for informal, decentralized coordination among them. The European Court of Human Rights serves as a point of reference for the African and Inter-American systems, though these also cite each other. Transregional judicial dialogue establishes a rudimentary, informal and decentralized mechanism of coordination among bodies that exercise a review function in the multi-level system of international human rights.

scholarly journals Comments and Analysis of the Main Schools of Modern Foreign Language Teaching Methods

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Yin Hua
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Teaching Methods ◽  
Teaching Method ◽  
Language Teaching ◽  
Foreign Language Teaching ◽  
Level System ◽  
Teaching System ◽  
Chinese Characteristics ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Language Teaching Methods

<p>Modern foreign language teaching method is a diversified, multi-dimensional and multi-level system. It is helpful in improving the level of foreign language teaching in China and establishing a foreign language teaching system with Chinese characteristics to comment on and analyze some of the most influential foreign language teaching schools.</p>

scholarly journals Modeling the Competitiveness of Indonesian Palm Oil Industry: A Conceptual Model Using Hierarchical Multi-Level System Approach

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Y.H. Silitonga ◽  
Senator Nur Bahagia ◽  
Tota Simatupang ◽  
Joko Siswanto
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
System Approach ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
Level System ◽  
Multi Level

Assessment in Inclusive Settings

2017 ◽  
pp. 426-443
Author(s):  
Brittany L. Hott ◽  
Rebecca A. Dibbs ◽  
DeMarquis Hayes ◽  
Lesli P. Raymond
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Instructional Decisions ◽  
Assessment Practices ◽  
Critical Component ◽  
Level System ◽  
Quality Instruction ◽  
Inclusive Settings ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Instructional Decision ◽  
Effective Assessment

Assessment is one of the most controversial and challenging aspects of education. While increasing emphasis has been placed on student progress and accountability, effective assessment processes are often overlooked as a critical component of quality instruction. This chapter aims to provide practitioners, educators, and policymakers with an overview of assessment practices that provide information at the classroom and individual levels to drive instructional decision making. A multi-level system of support model is emphasized to illustrate types and administration of assessments needed to make instructional decisions.

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