scholarly journals Immunopathogenetic features of bacterial purulent meningitides

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 4-9
Author(s):  
I. P Balmasova ◽  
Yu. Ya Vengerov ◽  
S. E Razdobarina ◽  
M. V Nagibina
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Pneumococcal Infection ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Comparative Assessment ◽  
Cns Infection ◽  
Purulent Meningitis ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Impact

The aim of the study. Comparative assessment of the state of cells of the immune system in patients with purulent bacterial meningitides caused by N.meningitidis and S.pneumoniae . Materials and methods. By the method offlow cytofluorometry there were tested blood and cerebrospinal fluid of 65 patients with bacterial purulent meningitis, with the meningococcal (38 people) and pneumococcal (27 people) nature of the disease. Results. There were revealed general consistencies of the immune response to CNS infection with meningococcus andpneumococcus: the fall of the number of CD16+ CD56+(NK) and the gain in the number of CD19+ cells in the blood, an increase in the absolute number of T lymphocytes, especially, CD3+ CD8+ and NK. In pneumococcal meningitis there was noted the more pronounced upsurge in the absolute number of the NKT (CD3+CD56+) and B-lymphocytes in the blood whereas in cerebrospinal fluid - the more pronounced upturn in the absolute number of NKT that testified to the severe course of the disease. Conclusion. As a result of performed studies there was identified a series of consistencies for the development of the immune response in bacterial purulent meningitides of meningococcal and pneumococcal etiology, which show the high informativeness of the study of immunograms of cerebrospinal fluid in these diseases as compared with blood. In the latter case, immunological studies may contribute not only to the identification of general consistencies of the development of the immune response in bacterial meningitis, but also serve as a basis for the differentiation of the impact of meningococcal and pneumococcal infection on immunocompetent cells, as well as to reflect the severity of the course of the disease, affecting the nature of the therapy.

The Impact of Age and Gender on Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Immune Contexture of the Bone Marrow Microenvironment

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Rebar N. Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem Cells ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are a rare population of cells that reside mainly in the bone marrow and are capable of generating and fulfilling the entire hematopoietic system upon differentiation. Thirty-six healthy donors, attending the HSCT center to donate their bone marrow, were categorized according to their age into child (0–12 years), adolescence (13–18 years), and adult (19–59 years) groups, and gender into male and female groups. Then, the absolute number of HSCs and mature immune cells in their harvested bone marrow was investigated. Here, we report that the absolute cell number can vary considerably based on the age of the healthy donor, and the number of both HSCs and immune cells declines with advancing age. The gender of the donor (male or female) did not have any impact on the number of the HSCs and immune cells in the bone marrow. In conclusion, since the number of HSCs plays a pivotal role in the clinical outcome of allogeneic HSC transplantations, identifying a younger donor regardless the gender is critical.

A Novel FACS Assay for Absolute Quantification of CD20 on B-Cells and Determination of CD20 Occupancy in Whole Blood Samples Shows a Higher Binding Strength of Obinutuzumab (GA101) to CD20 on B-Lymphocytes

Blood ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 118 (21) ◽  
pp. 4611-4611
Author(s):  
Drifa Beroual ◽  
Danièle Boulay-Moine ◽  
Carole Badoil ◽  
Christian Klein ◽  
Maxime Moulard
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Human Mabs ◽  
Cd20 Antibody ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Anti Cd20

Abstract Abstract 4611 Introduction. The absolute quantification of CD20 on malignant B-lymphocytes on patients who already received anti-CD20 MAbs is technically challenging, but may play a role in identifying patients who will respond to subsequent treatment or help define patients that are rituximab-refractory due to decreased expression of CD20. We have developed a new quantitative flow cytometry assay to scrutinize the absolute number of receptors on cell lines and B-lymphocytes in whole blood (WB) samples as well as target occupancy. This assay allows us to accurately determine the number of human MAbs bound per target cell on various cell subsets. CD20 density on B-lymphocytes in WB and binding properties of the type II CD20 antibody obinutuzumab (GA101) and the classical Type I CD20 antibody Rituximab were tested on samples from healthy volunteers. Acidic striping of bound human anti-CD20 MAbs was explored to enable the set up of a trustworthy CD20 occupancy assay. Methods. Binding of anti-CD20 mAbs rituximab (RTX) and GA101 to CD20 on normal and malignant B-cells was assessed using the Human IgG Calibrator (BioCytex, F) on EDTA anticoagulated WB samples and cell lines to determine the CD20 density. In parallel, the murine MAb (Clone B9E9) was tested using Cellquant Calibrator (BioCytex, F). CD20 density and apparent Kd, a relative measure of affinity, for each MAb was calculated from the data obtained with whole blood samples. Both the total number of CD20 molecules and the CD20 bound fraction were appraised by spiking the sample with anti-CD20 MAbs at saturation and acid striping. Results. The absolute number of anti-CD20 MAbs bound to CD20 on B-cells in WB samples was between 58,000 to 123,000 molecules per cell as determined by GA101 and RTX, respectively. The apparent CD20 quantitation on cell lines was approx. 2- to 3-fold lower for GA101 which is a characteristic and reported property of type II CD20 antibodies. The apparent Kd of GA101 (4.1 to 9.9 nM) was approximately 2-fold lower than that of RTX (10.5 to 22.7 nM) on several different lymphoma-derived cell lines (Daudi, Raji, Ramos and MEC-1). On B-lymphocytes from healthy volunteers the Kd were 1.2 and 3.5 nM for GA101 and RTX, respectively. Furthermore, CD20-bound GA101 could only be detached from its target CD20 using acid-striping assay at pH < 2.0 and appropriate ionic strength whereas RTX could be stripped at pH 2.5. Binding of anti-CD20 MAbs to acid-treated B-lymphocytes was found unaffected. Conclusion. The density of RTX bound to CD20 on B-lymphocytes in whole blood is similar to previous published data obtained from radioimmunoassays and using 125I-MAb (Teeling et al, Blood, 2006). In contrast the number of the Type II CD20 antibody GA101 bound to B-lymphocytes in whole blood was approximately half in comparison to RTX as previously reported (Moessner et al, Blood, 2010). The data further confirmed a higher apparent binding affinity of GA101 for CD20 with Kd values comparable to those reported previously using 125I-MAb. In summary, the new Human IgG Calibrator is a fast and accurate technique that can be used to evaluate the CD20 density and occupancy using human MAbs in complex matrix including whole blood. The test can be implemented in pharmacodynamic clinical trials and may allow for further understanding of complex pharacodynamic relationships. Disclosures: Beroual: BioCytex: Employment. Boulay-Moine:BioCytex: Employment. Badoil:BioCytex: Employment. Klein:Roche: Employment, Equity Ownership, Patents & Royalties. Moulard:BioCytex: Consultancy, Employment.

scholarly journals The impact of asthma in Brazil: a longitudinal analysis of data from a Brazilian national database system

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 163-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago de Araujo Cardoso ◽  
Cristian Roncada ◽  
Emerson Rodrigues da Silva ◽  
Leonardo Araujo Pinto ◽  
Marcus Herbert Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Mortality ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Public Health Care ◽  
National Database ◽  
Hospitalization Costs ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Objective: To present official longitudinal data on the impact of asthma in Brazil between 2008 and 2013. Methods: This was a descriptive study of data collected between 2008 and 2013 from an official Brazilian national database, including data on asthma-related number of hospitalizations, mortality, and hospitalization costs. A geographical subanalysis was also performed. Results: In 2013, 2,047 people died from asthma in Brazil (5 deaths/day), with more than 120,000 asthma-related hospitalizations. During the whole study period, the absolute number of asthma-related deaths and of hospitalizations decreased by 10% and 36%, respectively. However, the in-hospital mortality rate increased by approximately 25% in that period. The geographic subanalysis showed that the northern/northeastern and southeastern regions had the highest asthma-related hospitalization and in-hospital mortality rates, respectively. An analysis of the states representative of the regions of Brazil revealed discrepancies between the numbers of asthma-related hospitalizations and asthma-related in-hospital mortality rates. During the study period, the cost of asthma-related hospitalizations to the public health care system was US$ 170 million. Conclusions: Although the numbers of asthma-related deaths and hospital admissions in Brazil have been decreasing since 2009, the absolute numbers are still high, resulting in elevated direct and indirect costs for the society. This shows the relevance of the burden of asthma in middle-income countries.

scholarly journals The Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Epidemic on Dizziness/Vertigo Outpatients in a Neurological Clinic in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changqing Li ◽  
Dongsheng Guo ◽  
Xiangke Ma ◽  
Siwei Liu ◽  
Mingyong Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Old Patients ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Female Predominance ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo

Objective: This study aims to investigate the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic on dizziness/vertigo outpatients in a neurological clinic in China.Methods: Against the background of the COVID-19 epidemic, the data of patients who visited the neurological clinic of Beijing Chaoyang Hospital West Branch during the pandemic (February 1–May 30, 2020) and the corresponding period in 2019 (February 1–May 30, 2019) were analyzed, and patients with dizziness/vertigo from these two periods were compared to discover their demographic features and etiologic distribution according to their age and sex.Result: The absolute number of neurological outpatients decreased from 14,670 in 2019 to 8,763 in 2020 (−40.3%), with a corresponding decline in dizziness/vertigo patients (2019: n = 856; 2020: n = 1,436, −40.4%). Dizziness/vertigo was more common in women than men in these two periods (2019: women = 63.6%; 2020: women = 63.1%, p = 0.82). The overall etiology distribution was different among all disorders between the two periods (p &lt; 0.001). There was an increase in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) (2019 vs. 2020: 30.7 vs. 35%, p &lt; 0.05) and psychogenic/persistent postural perceptual dizziness (PPPD) (2019 vs. 2020: 28.5 vs. 34.6%, p &lt; 0.05) while a decrease in vascular vertigo during the epidemic (2019 vs. 2020: 13 vs. 9.6%, p &lt; 0.05). During the epidemic, the top three causes of dizziness/vertigo were BPPV (35%), psychogenic/PPPD (34.6%), and vascular vertigo (9.6%). A female predominance was observed in BPPV (women = 67.7%, p &lt; 0.05) and psychogenic/PPPD (women = 67.6%, p &lt; 0.05). In addition, the etiology ratio of different age groups was significantly different (p &lt; 0.001). The most common cause for young and young-old patients was BPPV, and the most common cause for middle-aged and old-old patients was psychogenic/PPPD.Conclusion: The absolute number of outpatients with dizziness/vertigo during the COVID-19 pandemic was reduced during the early period of the COVID-19 outbreak. BPPV and psychogenic/PPPD were more abundant, and vascular vertigo was less frequent. Based on those data, health-care management policy for dizziness/vertigo and mental disorder should be developed during the outbreak of COVID-19 and other infective diseases.

scholarly journals Cellular immunity of rabbits incase of parasite association (Treponema cuniculi and Eimeria sp.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (96) ◽  
pp. 8-13
Author(s):  
Y. V. Duda
Keyword(s):  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
B Lymphocyte ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Control Group ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
T Helpers ◽  
Experimental Group

Despite a huge number of studies, the uniqueness of antiparasitic immunity is so great that there is still insufficient knowledge of the factors contributing to the manifestation of the characteristics of immunity in mixed parasitic diseases of rabbits. Therefore, the question of the influence of the association of pathogens Treponema cuniculi and Eimeria sp. on indicators of cellular immunity of rabbits is relevant. The study was conducted on 59 male rabbits age 3–5 months of the Californian breed, selected by analogy. Animal were separated into two groups: healthy animals (control group) and sick animals (research group). Intensity of invasion was determined by the method of the Mac-Master. It has been established that the level of damage of rabbits by spirochetosis and eimeriosis was, on average, 1155.17 ± 184.87 and 6668.97 ± 284.16 pathogens in 1 g of feces. The count of T- and B-lymphocytes was determined by the method of spontaneous rosette-formation with sheep erythrocytes. Parasitizing the association of pathogens Treponema cuniculi and Eimeria sp. was revealed a high number of leukocytes (1.22 times, P < 0.001), which increased mainly due to lymphocytes, which were 1.45 times higher (P < 0.001), as well as neutrophilic metamyelocytes – 1.48 times (P < 0.05), eosinophils – 1.68 times (P < 0.001) and basophils – 1.57 times (P < 0.001) compared with similar blood parameters of healthy animals. In the blood of sick rabbits, the absolute number of T-lymphocytes (1.56 times, P < 0.001) and B-lymphocytes (3.02 times, P < 0.001) was significantly higher in comparison with a low number of O-lymphocytes (3.46 times, P < 0.001) compared with the control. This indicates the redistribution of lymphocytes to cells that carry T and B lymphocyte receptors on the plasma membrane. The absolute number of T-lymphocytes became high due to T-helpers, which in these animals were higher both in absolute (1.87 times, P < 0.001) and percentage (by 9.18%, P < 0.001) compared to control. Moreover, the percentage of T-suppressors in the blood of rabbits of the experimental group was significantly lower on 5.46% (P < 0.05) compared with the same blood count of healthy animals. Such a redistribution of the T-cell population in the peripheral blood of this group of rabbits led to an increase in the immunoregulatory index by 1.64 times (P < 0.01) than in healthy ones. High IRI and the number of T-active lymphocytes (by 28.23%, P < 0.05) in the blood of rabbits with parasitism of the association of pathogens Treponema cuniculi and Eimeria sp. indicate increased immune system tension.

scholarly journals Cell immunity of laboratory animals under the influence of 5-indolylmethylene rhodanine-3-carboxylic/sulphonic acid derivative

2021 ◽  
pp. 76-81
Author(s):  
Yulian Konechnyi ◽  
Oksana Hrushka ◽  
Hanna Pryzyhley ◽  
Roksolana Konechna ◽  
Andrii Lozynskyi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Phagocytic Activity ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Phagocytic Index ◽  
Antitumor Effects ◽  
Cell Immunity ◽  
The Absolute

The aim. To study the cell immunity status under influence of 3-[5-(1H-indol-3-ylmethylene)-4-oxo-2-thioxo-thiazolidin-3-yl]-propionic acid, as a prominent 4-thiazolidinone derivative and a class of biologically active compounds with polypharmacological properties. Materials and methods. Experimental method on the model of laboratory animals (guinea pigs); intradermal allergy tests; relative and absolute content in the peripheral blood of T- and B-lymphocytes subpopulations; hematological indexies: index of the ratio of lymphocytes and monocytes, index of the ratio of neutrophils and monocytes, index of the ratio of neutrophils and eosinophils, phagocytic index, phagocytic number; ELISA; organic synthesis; pharmacological screening. Results. The effect of 3-[5-(1H-indol-3-ylmethylene)-4-oxo-2-thioxo-thiazolidin-3-yl]-propionic acid has antifungal properties and affect cellular component of immunity in vivo in the guinea pigs model. There are no changes in the skin of guinea pigs during and after chemical applications of the skin and after intradermal tests. The compound stimulate the immune cells, in particular the lymphocyte (increase in the absolute number of CD3 T-lymphocytes by 21.46 % and the absolute number of CD8 T-suppressors by 27.15 %), but with a selective inhibitory effect on certain units (decrease the relative number of NK cells CD16 by 11.57 % and B-lymphocytes CD22 by 23.08 %). There was an increase in the activity of the macrophage phagocytic system (increase in PN by 439.87 % and PI by 62.73 % at 120 minutes), which indicates the reliability of the absorbing function of phagocytes, but with a decrease in their ability to endocytosis (PCI decreased significantly by 78,72 %). Conclusions. Synthesized 3-[5-(1H-indol-3-ylmethylene)-4-oxo-2-thioxo-thiazolidin-3-yl]-propionic acid has a selective activating effect on certain parts of cellular immunity and on phagocytic activity. Derivate influence on the phagocytic activity of neutrophils is ambiguous, and the effect of the compound directed to the cellular part of the immune system does not cause cellular immunodeficiency. The studied derivative is promising for further study of the drug-like molecule with antifungal and antitumor effects

scholarly journals 1019. Clinical Impact of a Rapid Cerebrospinal Fluid Diagnostic Stewardship Program for Suspected Central Nervous System Infections in Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S600-S602
Author(s):  
Kevin Messacar ◽  
Claire Palmer ◽  
LiseAnne Gregoire ◽  
Audrey Elliott ◽  
Elizabeth Ackley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Clinical Impact ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Cns Infection ◽  
Research Support ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Stewardship Program ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Research Grant

Abstract Background Despite widespread use, the optimal implementation and clinical impact of FilmArray Meningitis Encephalitis Panel (MEP; Table 1) multiplex PCR testing of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in children with suspected (CNS) infections is unknown. Table 1: FilmArray Meningitis Encephalitis Panel Test Characteristics Methods A pre-post quasi-experimental cohort study to investigate the impact of implementing MEP using a rapid CSF diagnostic stewardship program was conducted at Children’s Hospital Colorado (CHCO). MEP was implemented with EMR indication selection to guide testing to children meeting approved use criteria: i. infants &lt; 2mo, ii. immunocompromised, iii. encephalitis, iv. &gt; 5 WBCs in CSF. Positive results were communicated with antimicrobial stewardship real-time decision support (Fig 1). All cases with CSF obtained by lumbar puncture (LP) sent to the CHCO microbiology laboratory meeting any of the 4 criteria above were included with pre-implementation controls (2015-2016) compared to post-implementation cases (2017-2018). Primary outcome was time-to-optimal antimicrobials (time from LP to 1st dose of antimicrobials targeted to identified pathogen, or cessation when no treatable pathogen identified). Figure 1: Rapid Cerebrospinal Fluid Diagnostic Stewardship Program Intervention Design Results Post-implementation (n=1127) and pre-implementation (n=1124) group characteristics are in Table 2. Following implementation, MEP was sent in 72% of cases, largely replacing pathogen-specific singleplex CSF testing (Table 3). Time-to-optimal antimicrobials decreased by 10 hours (p&lt; 0.0001; Fig 2). There were no differences in time-to-effective antimicrobials, hospital admissions, antimicrobial starts or length of stay. Time-to-positive CSF results was faster (4.8 vs. 9.6 hrs, p&lt; 0.0001), IV antimicrobial duration was shorter (24 vs 36 hrs, p=0.004) with infectious neurologic diagnoses more frequently identified (15% vs. 10%, p=0.03). Overall, 3% had bacterial and 9% viral CNS infection identified. Enterovirus (n=128) was most common, then HSV (n=28) and parechovirus (n=17) with similar detection rates between groups Conclusion Implementation of MEP with a rapid CNS diagnostic stewardship program improved antimicrobial use with faster results shortening empiric therapy. Routine MEP testing in high-yield cases rapidly detects common viral causes and rules out bacterial targets to enable antimicrobial optimization Disclosures Samuel R. Dominguez, MD, PhD, BioFire Diagnostics (Consultant, Research Grant or Support)DiaSorin Molecular (Consultant)Pfizer (Grant/Research Support) Samuel R. Dominguez, MD, PhD, BioFire (Individual(s) Involved: Self): Consultant, Research Grant or Support; DiaSorin Molecular (Individual(s) Involved: Self): Consultant; Pfizer (Individual(s) Involved: Self): Grant/Research Support

scholarly journals Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on STEMI Networks in Central Romania

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1004
Author(s):  
Roxana Hodas ◽  
Imre Benedek ◽  
Nora Rat ◽  
Istvan Kovacs ◽  
Monica Chitu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Killip Class ◽  
St Segment Elevation ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
A Minor ◽  
The Impact

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a major impact on cardiovascular emergencies. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on a regional network for management of ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI). Methods: We report a single center’s experience of patients hospitalized for ACS in a high-volume hub of a STEMI network during the lockdown (in the first pandemic trimester), compared with the same time interval of the previous year and including all consecutive patients referred for an AMI during the second trimester of 2020 (from April to June) or during the same time interval of the previous year, 2019. Results: The absolute number of hospital admissions for AMI decreased by 22.3%, while the non-AMI hospitalizations decreased by 77.14% in Q2-2020 compared to Q2-2019 (210 vs. 48, p < 0.0001). As a consequence, the percentage of AMI cases from the total number of hospital admission increased from 38% to 68% (p < 0.0001), AMI becoming the dominant pathology. In the STEMI group there was a significant reduction of 55% in the absolute number of late STEMI presentations. Functionality of the STEMI network at the hub level did not present a significant alteration with only a minor increase in the door-to-balloon time, from 34 min to 41 min. However, at the level of the network we recorded a lower number of critical cases transferred to the interventional center, with a dramatic reduction of 56.1% in the number of critical STEMI cases arriving in the acute cardiac care unit (17.0% vs. 7.3%, p-0.04 for KILLIP class III, and 21.17% vs. 11.11%, p = 0.08 for resuscitated out of hospital cardiac arrest). Conclusions: The COVID-19 outbreak did not have a major impact on the interventional center’s functionality, but it limited the capacity of the regional STEMI network to bring the critical patient with complicated STEMI to the cathlab in time during the first months of the lockdown. Even a very well-functioning STEMI network like the one in Central Romania had difficulties bringing the most critical STEMI cases to the cathlab in time.

Effect of cannabinoid ingestion (in the form of bhang) on the immune system of high school and university students

2004 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 149-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mona EL–Gohary ◽  
Manal A Eid
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Immune System ◽  
University Students ◽  
Nk Cells ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Acid Amide ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Complement Protein ◽  
The Absolute

The discovery of cannabinoid receptors in the immune system and a family of endogenous ligands of these receptors provides a basis for understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of cannabis–induced immunotoxicity. The present study was conducted on 90 nonsmoker males of high school and university students living in Tanta city of matched age and socioeconomic lifetyle. They were divided into a control group (30 males) and a bhang user group (60 males), which used bhang by eating its sweet juice after boiling with a little water and drying in an oven, ‘fola’. The bhang group was divided equally into two subgroups: subgroup 1 used bhang for 6–24 months (average 199–1.2) and subgroup 2 used bhang for 24 / 36 months (average 319–1.7). The immunotoxic effects of using bhang appeared in the form of a significant decrease in serum immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM), and C3 and C4 complement protein concentrations (P<0.05). In addition, our results demonstrated a significant decrease in the absolute number of functionally different subsets of peripheral blood mononuclear lymphocytes, T and B lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells in bhang users as compared to controls (P<0.05). Moreover, the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) showed significant decrease in bhang users as compared to controls and in subgroup 2 as compared to subgroup 1 (P<0.05), indicating that the decrease in FAAH protein level is closely related to the duration of bhang use. Positive correlations were found between FAAH level and the absolute number of mononuclear cells (T, B lymphocytes and NK cells) among bhang user subgroups. The present study is the first study to report on the effect of bhang on complement proteins and immunoglobulins in humans. Our study revealed that bhang–induced immunotoxicity could be attributed to decrease in FAAH protein.

scholarly journals The impact of the absolute number and ratio of positive lymph nodes on survival of endometrioid uterine cancer patients

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (5) ◽  
pp. 605-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
J K Chan ◽  
D S Kapp ◽  
M K Cheung ◽  
K Osann ◽  
J Y Shin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Uterine Cancer ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Lymph Nodes
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