scholarly journals Hereditary determined diving behaviour in rats as a factor of fitness

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-328
Author(s):  
Anna S. Levina ◽  
Nina A. Bondarenko ◽  
Natalia V. Shiryaeva ◽  
Alexander I. Vaido ◽  
Natalia A. Dyuzhikova
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Nervous Activity ◽  
Diving Behaviour ◽  
Strain Characteristic ◽  
Activity Structure ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
Basic Features

Background. Rats natural ability to swim and dive provides adaptation in the wildlife and is widely applied as an instrument in experimental physiology. Nevertheless theres little scientific evidence on diving behaviour in rats itself. Meanwhile this behavioural pattern might be a notable trait to shed light on functional features of the nervous system, the higher nervous activity structure and evolutional adaptability in animals, including inherited ones. Materials and methods. In the present work we compared the performance of the spontaneous diving behaviour in the Morris water maze and forced diving behaviour in the Extrapolation escape task in two selected rat strains genetically differing in the nervous system excitability threshold. Results. We found a greater extent and adaptive pattern of both types of the diving behaviour in the high-excitable LT strain. This may be due to such basic features of this strain as high exploratory activity and an increased level of fear reactions. It was also shown that the second, low-excitable HT rat strain, demonstrates maladaptive jumping behaviour in the Extrapolation escape task due to higher anxiety level in the stress conditions. Conclusion. Observed differences between two strains allow us to consider the diving behaviour performed by high-excitable rats an inherited strain characteristic resembling adaptive rat behaviours in the wild and look forward to investigate its genetic mechanisms.

scholarly journals The role of CPEB family proteins in the nervous system function in the norm and pathology

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene Kozlov ◽  
Yulii V. Shidlovskii ◽  
Rudolf Gilmutdinov ◽  
Paul Schedl ◽  
Mariya Zhukova
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Gene Regulation ◽  
Neural Development ◽  
Fragile X ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Mrna Transport ◽  
Ribonucleoprotein Complexes ◽  
Posttranscriptional Gene Regulation ◽  
Nervous System Function ◽  
Functional Features

AbstractPosttranscriptional gene regulation includes mRNA transport, localization, translation, and regulation of mRNA stability. CPEB (cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding) family proteins bind to specific sites within the 3′-untranslated region and mediate poly- and deadenylation of transcripts, activating or repressing protein synthesis. As part of ribonucleoprotein complexes, the CPEB proteins participate in mRNA transport and localization to different sub-cellular compartments. The CPEB proteins are evolutionarily conserved and have similar functions in vertebrates and invertebrates. In the nervous system, the CPEB proteins are involved in cell division, neural development, learning, and memory. Here we consider the functional features of these proteins in the nervous system of phylogenetically distant organisms: Drosophila, a well-studied model, and mammals. Disruption of the CPEB proteins functioning is associated with various pathologies, such as autism spectrum disorder and brain cancer. At the same time, CPEB gene regulation can provide for a recovery of the brain function in patients with fragile X syndrome and Huntington's disease, making the CPEB genes promising targets for gene therapy.

On humoral factors in nervous activity

1935 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 777-787
Author(s):  
D. S. Vorontsov
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nervous Activity ◽  
Active Part ◽  
Humoral Factors ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Not only in the peripheral working organs, irritating substances are formed, which, as we can see, take an active part in their regulation, but also in the central nervous system, in the relationship of its individual elements, such substances apparently play an important role.

scholarly journals A whole genome analysis of the red-crowned crane provides insight into avian longevity

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
HyeJin Lee ◽  
Oksung Chung ◽  
Yun Sung Cho ◽  
Sungwoong Jho ◽  
JeHoon Jun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Whole Genome Analysis ◽  
Grus Japonensis ◽  
Low Genetic Diversity ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Avian Genomes ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractThe red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis) is an endangered and large-bodied crane native to East Asia. It is a traditional symbol of longevity and its long lifespan has been confirmed both in captivity and in the wild. Lifespan in birds is positively correlated with body size and negatively correlated with metabolic rate; although the genetic mechanisms for the red-crowned crane’s long lifespan have not previously been investigated. Using whole genome sequencing and comparative evolutionary analyses against the grey-crowned crane and other avian genomes, we identified candidate genes that are correlated with longevity. Included among these are positively selected genes with known associations with longevity in metabolism and immunity pathways (NDUFA5, NDUFA8, NUDT12 IL9R, SOD3, NUDT12, PNLIP, CTH, and RPA1). Our analyses provide genetic evidence for low metabolic rate and longevity, accompanied by possible convergent adaptation signatures among distantly related large and long-lived birds. Finally, we identified low genetic diversity in the red-crowned crane, consistent with its listing as an endangered species, and we hope this genome will provide a useful genetic resource for future conservation studies of this rare and iconic species.

scholarly journals Epithelial Conduction in Hydromedusae

1968 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 600-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. O. Mackie ◽  
L. M. Passano
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Spontaneous Activity ◽  
Nervous Activity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Refractory Periods ◽  
Spread Of Excitation ◽  
Composite Events ◽  
Waves Propagation ◽  
Excess Mg ◽  
Electrical Stimuli

Sarsia, Euphysa, and other hydromedusae have been studied by electrophysiological techniques and are found to have nonnervous conducting epithelia resembling those described earlier for siphonophores. Simple, nonmuscular epithelia fire singly or repetitively following brief electrical stimuli. The pulses recorded with suction electrodes are biphasic, initially positive, and show amplitudes of 0.75–2.0 mv, durations of 5–15 msec, and velocities of 15–35 cm/sec with short refractory periods. In the swimming muscle (myoepithelium) 2.0–4.0 mv composite events lasting 150–300 msec are associated with contraction waves. Propagation in nonnervous epithelia is typically all-or-none, nondecremental, and unpolarized. The subumbrellar endoderm lamella conducts independently of the adjacent ectoderm. The lower regions of the tentacles do not show propagated epithelial events. The spread of excitation in conducting epithelia and associated effector responses are described. Examples are given of interaction between events seemingly conducted in the nervous system and those in nonnervous epithelia. Either system may excite the other. Spontaneous activity, however, appears to originate in the nervous system. Conduction in nonnervous tissues is unaffected by excess Mg++ in concentrations suppressing presumed nervous activity, although this may not be a wholly adequate criterion for distinguishing components of the two systems. Evidence from old work by Romanes is considered in the light of these findings and the general significance of epithelial conduction is discussed.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF THE TYPE OF NERVOUS ACTIVITY ON THE MILK PRODUCTION OF COWS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Karlova ◽  
◽  
Olena Lesnovska ◽  
Roman Mylostyvyi ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Weak Type ◽  
Nervous Activity ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Strong Type ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Productive Traits ◽  
Relative Decline ◽  
Morning Milk

The aim of the research was to evaluate the influence of the type of the nervous system on the productive and reproductive qualities of animals. The type of nervous system (strong, weak) of cows of the Ukrainian red dairy breed was determined by the index of the nervous system, which is based on the variability of the fat content in the morning milk yield after changing the conditions of cows keeping. Under the new conditions of keeping cows with a strong type of nervous activity, the coefficients of variability of the morning milk yield and the fat content in milk practically remained at the same level (their slight increase was noted at the level of 4.5 and 3.1%). In cows of a weak type under similar conditions of keeping, a significant increase in the variability of milk yield (by 53.6%) and fat content in milk (by 266.7%) was found. In animals of both types, in the first days of summer-camp keeping, in comparison with winter-stall keeping, there was an increase in milk yield and a decrease in fat content in milk. In cows of the strong type, the fat content decreased by 0.08% and of the weak type by 0.12%. The average index of the nervous system type in animals of the strong type is 1.18, and in cows of the weak type 2.71 (P> 0.999). Before and during milking, the pulse rate in the cows of weak type was higher by 8.0 and 10.8 beats / min. (P> 0.999), compared with the strong type. The animals of strong type of the nervous system, in comparison with the weak type, had a smaller thickness of the concha and skin, a higher pulse and respiratory rate, and a lower rectal body temperature. In cows of a strong type of the nervous system in postnatal ontogenesis, the formation of productive traits took place more rapidly and they better adapted to the conditions of the external environment. This is evidenced by their high coefficient of relative decline in the growth at the age of one (85.0) than in animals with a weak type of nervous system (78.5). The advantage of cows with a strong type of nervous activity over a weak one in milk yield was 348 kg (P>0.95) and in milk fat 8.0 kg. The service period in animals with a strong type of nervous activity was 6.3 days shorter. The animals with a strong type of nervous activity during the first lactation had a higher adaptation index compared with animals of a weak type. The difference for this indicator is 0.49 (or 3.7%). They also had a higher productivity index for the first (3.1%) and second (4.0%) lactation. Thus, the typological features of the nervous activity of cows affect the formation of the most important functions of the body, which can be used in breeding work to improve the herd.

Development of the Nervous System of Invertebrates

2018 ◽  
pp. 70-122
Author(s):  
Volker Hartenstein
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Early Embryo ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Animal Phyla ◽  
Invertebrate Animals ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Complex Architecture

The complex architecture of the nervous system is the result of a stereotyped pattern of proliferation and migration of neural progenitors in the early embryo, followed by the outgrowth of nerve fibers along rigidly controlled pathways, and the formation of synaptic connections between specific neurons during later stages. Detailed studies of these events in several experimentally amenable model systems indicated that many of the genetic mechanisms involved are highly conserved. This realization, in conjunction with new molecular-genetic techniques, has led to a surge in comparative neurodevelopmental research covering a wide variety of animal phyla over the past two decades. This chapter attempts to provide an overview of the diverse neural architectures that one encounters among invertebrate animals, and the developmental steps shaping these architectures.

THE INFLUENCE OF EXAMINATION STRESS ON VEGETATIVE INDICATORS IN 17-21-YEAR-OLD STUDENTS WITH A MELANCHOLIC TYPE OF HIGHER NERVOUS ACTIVITY

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 18-29
Author(s):  
Rustamova T.V.
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Nervous Activity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Learning Activities ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Personal Anxiety ◽  
Examination Stress ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous ◽  
Examination Process

The article is devoted to the influence of an increased level of situational and personal anxiety of examination stress on the indices of the autonomic nervous system in 17-21-year-old male students (I and V courses) with a melancholic type of nervous system. In the course of the conducted studies, it was found that in 17- and 21-year-old students-melancholic during the examination process between heart rate and blood pressure there are some differences that do not normalize after the exam. Vegetative indicators in 21-year-old students in the periods before and after the exam are slightly increased, relative to indicators in 17-year-old students. The Kerdo vegetative index (VIC) in both age groups was in a state of sympathicotonia, which is an indicator of the superiority of the sympathetic nervous system throughout the entire examination process. The results obtained in the course of this study can be used to optimize learning activities, relieve stress in exams and protect students' health.

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