The first military hospitals in Saint Petersburg

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 258-266
Author(s):  
N. V. Milasheva ◽  
V. O. Samoilov
Keyword(s):  
Medical Care ◽  
Military Medicine ◽  
Senior Physician ◽  
Military Hospitals ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Shortage Of Doctors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hospital Doctors

Abstract. The documentary materials from the funds of the Russian State Archive of the Navy, other archives, published letters and documents of Peter the Great, his Daily Note and other sources about the history of the first military hospitals (infirmaries) of Saint Petersburg are studied. At the same time, the history of the first military hospitals is reflected against the background of the difficult events of the Northern War of 17001721, with which the establishment of hospitals for the Russian army and the navy and the development of military medicine are inextricably linked. The organization of military medicine became aggravated immediately with the outbreak of hostilities, with the first wounded and sick. The fight against the plague epidemic and other infections during the war, the shortage of doctors, healers, infirmaries, hospitals and their own national staff greatly complicated the provision of medical care. Numerous documents and facts prove that the events before 1715 can be attributed to the first stage in the development of military medicine in Saint Petersburg. It was established that in 1704 the issue of establishing a military land hospital in the northern capital was already discussed (Peter I, A.D. Menshikov, N.L. Bidloo); hospital), and the senior physician of the Navy Yang Govi served in it with zeal In 1713, by the decree of the Great Sovereign Y. Govi, he was appointed head of the Admiralty Hospital, doctors, apprentices and medical students in it. By that time, Dr. R. Erskine actually assumed the office of archiatrist (until 1712). A detailed statement of Lieutenant General R.V. Bruce on the number of sick and wounded who received medical care in hospitals and hospitals in Saint Petersburg from 1713 to 1715. The decree of Peter I on the construction of a complex of General hospitals with anatomical theaters on the Vyborgskaya side (1715) according to Dr. Areskins drawing, and the establishment of a medical school (until 1719) are the next stage in the development of military medicine in Saint Petersburg, prepared by all previous events.

scholarly journals From the hospital barracks to the general hospitals at the Vyborg Side

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-272
Author(s):  
V O Samoilov ◽  
N V Milasheva
Keyword(s):  
General Hospitals ◽  
Military Hospitals ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
Russian State ◽  
History Of Construction ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Military ◽  
Construction Works

For our study, we used lots of documentary materials from the collections of the Russian State Historical Archive in Saint Petersburg, documents from the funds of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts in Moscow relating to the construction of an architectural complex of buildings of the general hospitals at the Vyborg Side in the epoch of Peter the Great. All the facts of the history of construction of the general hospitals are confirmed by archival documents, including decrees and orders by Peter I on the construction of hospital buildings, contractors hiring, by official documents and protocols of the Chancellery of buildings on the non-completed construction of wattle and daub huts for hospital purposes as well as by documents on the run-away contractors, on the demolition of wattle and daub huts and transfer of buildings to Admiralty college«for use as cable sheds», about the stay of the sick and wounded in old wooden hospitals, by documents on the construction of stone buildings of the Admiralty (Marine) and Land military hospitals, the correspondence of the Chancellery of buildings with the Military and the Admiralty collegia, by contractors’ agreements, reports by D. Trezzini on the construction of wattle and daub huts (1718) and stone hospital buildings («Part of hospital buildings at the Vyborg Side…», 1720), reports by D. Trezzini on the prolonged period of construction works and other documents. The study shall be continued.

scholarly journals Mstislav V. Shakhmatov, Historian of Law

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 36-44
Author(s):  
Sergey I. Mikhalchenko ◽  
◽  
Elena V. Tkachenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Central State ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
Historical Archive ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Law Faculty ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Russian Law

The article is dedicated to the life and work of Historian of Law Mstislav V. Shakhmatov (1888 to 1943). Shakhmatov was mostly engaged in history of legal and political doctrines of the period before Peter the Great. His concept of the ‘state of truth’ in Ancient Rus is especially famous. However, his biography remains absolutely unknown. The article restores previously unknown peculiarities of the Shakhmatov’s studies at the Saint Petersburg University and his further work in state authorities during the prerevolutionary period, his life in exile in Czechoslovakia: teaching at the Russian Law Faculty in Prague, articles and monograph preparation, thesis defense. The sources of the article are for the most part nonpublished files from the archives of Russia (the State Archive of the Russian Federation, the Russian State Historical Archive, the Saint Petersburg Central State Historical Archive), Germany, Slovenia, Czechia.

Hebrew Incunabula in the Russian Researchers’ Publications. Bibliographic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-34
Author(s):  
Semen M. Iakerson
Keyword(s):  
Religious Community ◽  
National Library ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Russian State ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Library ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
First Time ◽  
Private Collections

Hebrew incunabula amount to a rather modest, in terms of number, group of around 150 editions that were printed within the period from the late 60s of the 15th century to January 1, 1501 in Italy, Spain, Portugal and Turkey. Despite such a small number of Hebrew incunabula, the role they played in the history of the formation of European printing cannot be overlooked. Even less possible is to overestimate the importance of Hebrew incunabula for understanding Jewish spiritual life as it evolved in Europe during the Renaissance.Russian depositories house 43 editions of Hebrew incunabula, in 113 copies and fragments. The latter are distributed as following: the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences — 67 items stored; the Russian State Library — 38 items; the National Library of Russia — 7 items; the Jewish Religious Community of Saint Petersburg — 1 item. The majority of these books came in public depositories at the late 19th — first half of the 20th century from private collections of St. Petersburg collectors: Moses Friedland (1826—1899), Daniel Chwolson (1819—1911) and David Günzburg (1857—1910). This article looks into the circumstances of how exactly these incunabula were acquired by the depositories. For the first time there are analysed publications of Russian scholars that either include descriptions of Hebrew incunabula (inventories, catalogues, lists) or related to various aspects of Hebrew incunabula studies. The article presents the first annotated bibliography of all domestic publications that are in any way connected with Hebrew incunabula, covering the period from 1893 (the first publication) to the present. In private collections, there was paid special attention to the formation of incunabula collections. It was expressed in the allocation of incunabula as a separate group of books in printed catalogues and the publication of research works on incunabula studies, which belonged to the pen of collectors themselves and haven’t lost their scientific relevance today.

THE PROJECT OF STAGING "KHOVANSHCHINA" BY M. P. MUSSORGSKY IN B.V. ASAFYEV’S ORCHESTRATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-102
Author(s):  
V. A. Aleksandrova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
National Museum ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Central State ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
History Of ◽  
Orchestral Score ◽  
First Time

The article is devoted to the history of an unrealized performance of M. P. Mussorgsky’s opera "Khovanshchina" orchestrated by B. V. Asafyev. On the basis of archival documents, stored in the Russian State Archive of Literature and Arts, the Russian National Museum of Music, Central State Archive of Literature and Art of Saint Petersburg, the Bolshoi Theatre Museum, most of which are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, studied the circumstances under which the opera was planned to be staged in the State Academic Theatre of Opera and Ballet (nowadays — the Mariinsky Theatre). Fragments from the reports of the Artistic Council of Opera at the State Academic Theatre of Opera and Ballet meetings, the correspondence between B. V. Asafyev and P. A. Lamm, the manuscript "P. A. Lamm. A Biography" by O. P. Lamm and other unpublished archival documents are cited. The author comes to the conclusion that most attempts to perform "Khovanshchina" were hindered by the difficult socio-political circumstances of the 1930s, while the existing assumptions about the creative failure of the Asafyev’s orchestration don’t find clear affirmation, neither in historical documents, nor in the existing manuscript of the orchestral score.

scholarly journals M.E. Levberg’s Play “Danton” as Perceived by А. Blok

Literary Fact ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 115-130
Author(s):  
Veronika B. Zuseva-Özkan
Keyword(s):  
Russian Literature ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Silver Age ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
Critical Attitude ◽  
Russian State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Aleksandr Blok ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship

The article considers the unpublished play by Maria Levberg, a little known female writer of the Silver Age. Aleksandr Blok praised this drama entitled Danton; thanks to his efforts, it was performed in the Bolshoi Drama Theater in 1919. Danton is discussed in several articles by Blok (Bolshoi Drama Theater in the Next Season, of 19 May 1919, Tribune (Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus)) and in his correspondence; it is also mentioned in Blok’s notebooks. The author of the article analyzes all these mentions, reconstructs the history of interactions between Blok and Levberg. Some of her letters to the poet are published here for the first time. Blok’s notes on the typed copy of Danton, preserved at the Manuscript Department of the Institute of Russian Literature in Saint Petersburg, are described. The relationship between this version of the play and the version, preserved at the Russian State Archive of Literature and Arts in Moscow, is revealed. The author analyzes the plot and the system of characters, characterizes the concept of history expressed in Danton, and proposes the hypothesis why this play turned out to be so dear to Blok. Blok’s reviews on Danton are compared to those written by A.M. Remizov (who also welcomed the play, as well as other dramas by Levberg — Stones of Death and The Chevalier’s Epee) and by M.A. Kuzmin who displayed a more critical attitude. Finally, the place of this drama among Levberg’s works and her main themes and ideas are considered.

scholarly journals The Forerunner of the Government Reform of Peter the Great

2015 ◽  
pp. 24-31
Author(s):  
N. V. Shevtsov
Keyword(s):  
17Th Century ◽  
Regional Studies ◽  
Political Leader ◽  
Government Reform ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
The North ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
Russian State ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government

Abstract: This article describes the life and work of the distinguished political leader of the 17th century Vasiliy Vasilyevich Golitsyn. He entered the history of our country as a thoughtful reformist and a brilliant diplomat. His transformations created the foundation for the future pivotal reforms by Peter the Great. Being an outstanding analyst and a strategic planner, Golytsin won his combats not on the bloody battlefields but in the course of fights on the diplomatic arena. During the reign of Sophia, when he had received ultimately unlimited power warrant, he mainly fostered all of his efforts to the implementation of the socio-economic changes and the rise of prestige of the Russian State. However, as it often happens with the prominent reformists he became a victim of the in-house political tussle; he placed the wrong bet on Sophia instead of Peter the Great and his court. As a result, he was deprived from his post, lost his estates, and was sent into exile to the north of the country. The author of this article followed the probable route of Golytsin’s exile ramblings and paid special attention to the stay of the disgraced knyaz in Pinezhskiy Volok - currently the settlement of Pinega situated approximately 200 km away from Arkhangelsk on the banks of the Pinega River. The article also offers a detailed description of the Krasnogorskiy Monastery located 15 km away from the settlement. Golitsyn used to visit this monastery regularly and in 1714 was buried there disclaimed by Peter. The tombstone from his grave was preserved and is now stored in the Museum of Regional Studies in Pinega.

Theophan Prokopovich’s treatise “About reviling of decrees of Peter the Great” (1734): towards the history of disputes about the destiny of monasticism in Russia in the 18th century

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-61
Author(s):  
Olga A. Krasheninnikova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Full Text ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Church Reform ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
Head Of State ◽  
Russian State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Clear Idea ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Church

This article analyzes for the first time the full text of objection of Theophan Prokopovich (1681–1736) to the work of Markell Radyshevskiy (†1742) on monasticism ([Objection to The announcement of monasticism], 1730), and explains the circumstances and motives for its creation. In his polemical treatise of 1734, Theophan Prokopovich polemicises with the most important provisions of Markell Radyshevskiy’s work, defending the views of Peter’s companions on monasticism and the Church. In his rebuttal, Theophan Prokopovich stands as a staunch supporter of Peter I and his Church reform, a supporter of unlimited autocratic power and unconditional subordination of the Church to the head of state. He polemicises with important arguments of Markell Radyshevskiy’s work, defending all the main provisions of Peter’s 1724 decree on monasticism. The first full publication of Theophan Prokopovich’s objection will give a clear idea of the nature of the ideological and religious disputes of Peter’s time, the essence and intensity of the controversy between Church reformers and conservatives in the era of formation of the Russian state in the 18th century.

scholarly journals An iron spear and arrow tips in the collection of middle 19th century found in Western Siberia, Altai Mountains and Kazakhstan

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 130-136
Author(s):  
Yu. S. Khudyakov
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Scientific Analysis ◽  
High Middle Ages ◽  
History Of ◽  
Eastern Kazakhstan

Purpose. We aimed to examine the materials of the collection of iron weapons including a tip of a spear and various arrow tips gathered in the course of a scientific expedition across the territory of Western Siberia, Altai Steppes and Eastern Kazakhstan performed in 1840–1843 by a famous scientist, botanist, officer of the St. Petersburg Botanical Garden – Alexander Gustav von Schrenk. Results. The archaeological findings discovered by the researcher are kept in the Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography in the city of St. Petersburg. The iron tip of a spear and different iron arrow tips in the composition of that collection were examined and classified on formal grounds. They were divided into certain groups and types depending on characteristics of the section and shape of the feather of every tip. We proposed our reasoning for the chronology and cultural identity of these diverse artifacts, identified types of iron tips of the spear and arrow tips among the studied objects of armament. They were produced and used during diverse chronological periods when medieval nomadic peoples inhabiting the territory of Western Siberia, Altai Steppes and Eastern Kazakhstan could apply iron spears and arrows in the course of hostilities. We identified that the spear and various types of arrows analyzed in the composition of that collection could belong to warriors of different medieval ethnic groups. As a result of our analysis, the findings of armament were related to various chronological periods and definite weapon complexes. Different types of arrows were related to the material culture of the medieval peoples, who inhabited the territory of studied regions of Inner Asia during historical periods of the Early and High Middle Ages. The German scientists who were in the service of the Russian state described the primary events of the history of studying various archaeological objects related to the cultures of ancient and medieval nomadic people on the territory of the steppe region of Western Siberia and contiguous territories of Altai Steppes and Eastern Kazakhstan. Using methodologies of scientific research, we managed to analyze formal indicators of the artifacts and classify them into certain groups and types of objects of armament, including the iron spear tip and iron arrow tips that constituted an important part of the collection of archaeological findings considered. Conclusion. As a result of our scientific analysis, we have widen and complemented formerly known data on long-range and close combat armament object sets of the territory of Western Siberia, Altai Steppes, Northern and Eastern Kazakhstan during the Early and High Middle Ages.

scholarly journals “They Are Obsessed with Scurvy and Typhus”: Diseases and Treatment of Military Personnel in Vyborg and Kexholm (1710s - 1740)

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-70
Author(s):  
Mariya E. Proskuryakova
Keyword(s):  
Medical Care ◽  
Medical Personnel ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Military Health ◽  
Military Hospitals ◽  
Local Material ◽  
Northern Regions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Harsh Climate ◽  
The Military

The article analyses the problem of implementing legislation on medical care in the army during the reign of Peter the Great and Anna Ioannovna. The Admiralty Regulations of 1722 and the General Regulations on Hospitals of 1735 announced meticulously prescribed standards for taking care of patients in military hospitals, as well as the number, qualifications and duties of medical personnel in those centers. According to scholars, both documents represent bright examples of the authorities’ faith in the possibility of resolving of crisis in the work of any institution by detailed regulation of all aspects of its activities. However, a research on conditions of service of army employees and state of military health care implies a study based on local material and functioning of certain hospitals. The author focuses on the history of medical institutions in fortresses located on the Russian-Swedish border. The study was carried out on the basis of reports received in St. Petersburg from the border fortresses and devoted to the number of sick employees in the Vyborg and Kexholm garrisons, their diseases and providing them medical care. It is revealed that the military infirmaries have been opened in Vyborg and Kexholm in the early 1720s. And the number and qualifications of the medical personnel met the requirements of the state legislation. Nevertheless, the employees of the local garrisons suffered the same hardships as military men in other north-western fortresses (St. Petersburg, Kronstadt, Riga). This is indicated by the spread of diseases typical for the northern regions and poorly victualled communities, limited in access to proper food and clean sources of water (scurvy, typhus, digestive disorders). Along with that, the region had its own specifics: despite the harsh climate, work on fortifications was carried out from early Spring. Therefore, the soldiers were often hospitalised due to frostbite and colds. From the number of employees sent to the hospital for treatment 66 % died within six months. The most vulnerable group were employees of the first and second years of service under the age of 30. However, the situation in the fortresses did not become critical and epidemics were avoided.

Hebrew Incunabula in the Russian Researchers’ Publications. Bibliographic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-34
Author(s):  
Semen M. Iakerson
Keyword(s):  
Religious Community ◽  
National Library ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Russian State ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Library ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
First Time ◽  
Private Collections

Hebrew incunabula amount to a rather modest, in terms of number, group of around 150 editions that were printed within the period from the late 60s of the 15th century to January 1, 1501 in Italy, Spain, Portugal and Turkey. Despite such a small number of Hebrew incunabula, the role they played in the history of the formation of European printing cannot be overlooked. Even less possible is to overestimate the importance of Hebrew incunabula for understanding Jewish spiritual life as it evolved in Europe during the Renaissance.Russian depositories house 43 editions of Hebrew incunabula, in 113 copies and fragments. The latter are distributed as following: the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences — 67 items stored; the Russian State Library — 38 items; the National Library of Russia — 7 items; the Jewish Religious Community of Saint Petersburg — 1 item. The majority of these books came in public depositories at the late 19th — first half of the 20th century from private collections of St. Petersburg collectors: Moses Friedland (1826—1899), Daniel Chwolson (1819—1911) and David Günzburg (1857—1910). This article looks into the circumstances of how exactly these incunabula were acquired by the depositories. For the first time there are analysed publications of Russian scholars that either include descriptions of Hebrew incunabula (inventories, catalogues, lists) or related to various aspects of Hebrew incunabula studies. The article presents the first annotated bibliography of all domestic publications that are in any way connected with Hebrew incunabula, covering the period from 1893 (the first publication) to the present. In private collections, there was paid special attention to the formation of incunabula collections. It was expressed in the allocation of incunabula as a separate group of books in printed catalogues and the publication of research works on incunabula studies, which belonged to the pen of collectors themselves and haven’t lost their scientific relevance today.

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