scholarly journals In memory of Academician Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (on the 170th anniversary of his birth)

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-279
Author(s):  
V Ya Apchel ◽  
T Sh Morgoshiia
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Natural Science ◽  
Nervous Activity ◽  
Chronic Experiment ◽  
Secretory Process ◽  
Natural Scientist ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Higher Nervous Activity ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The main years of the life and scientific creativity of I.P. Pavlova. Illuminated little-known facts from the life of a scientist. It is noted that IP Pavlov is one of the most prominent representatives of modern natural science, the creator of the materialistic theory of higher nervous activity of humans and animals, the founder of the largest physiological school of modernity and new approaches and methods of research in physiology. Pavlov I.P, studied many topical problems of physiology and medicine, but his most systematic and thorough research relates to the physiology of the circulatory and digestive systems, as well as the higher parts of the central nervous system: they are rightfully considered classic, which opened new pages in the relevant sections of physiology and medicine. New and valuable were the results of his research also on individual issues of the physiology of the endocrine system, comparative physiology, physiology of labor and pharmacology. Being deeply convinced that “for a natural scientist, everything is in a method,” IP Pavlov elaborated and introduced the practice of physiological research into the method of a chronic experiment, based on the need for a multilateral and detailed study of the body’s functions in natural conditions, in inseparable communication and interaction with the environment. This method brought the physiology out of the impasse created by a one-sided, analytical method of acute vivisection experiment that prevailed for a long time. Used in the early works of Pavlov on the physiology of blood circulation, the method of chronic experiment was elevated to the rank of a new scientific experimental principle in basic research on the physiology of digestion and then perfected when studying the functions of the higher parts of the central nervous system. Pavlov I.P comprehensively researched and studied the dynamics of the secretory process of the gastric and salivary glands, pancreatic glands, the work of the liver in the use of food of different quality, proved their ability to adapt to the nature of the causative agents of secretion. Created by Pavlov’s theory of higher nervous activity is one of the greatest achievements of natural science in the 20th century. It is a system of the most reliable, complete, accurate and deep knowledge of brain functions and is of great practical importance for medicine, psychology, pedagogy, and scientific organization of complex labor processes.

On humoral factors in nervous activity

1935 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 777-787
Author(s):  
D. S. Vorontsov
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nervous Activity ◽  
Active Part ◽  
Humoral Factors ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Not only in the peripheral working organs, irritating substances are formed, which, as we can see, take an active part in their regulation, but also in the central nervous system, in the relationship of its individual elements, such substances apparently play an important role.

scholarly journals Mechanisms of Glutamate Transport

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 1621-1657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Vandenberg ◽  
Renae M. Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Glutamate Transporter ◽  
Glutamate Transporters ◽  
Structural Basis ◽  
Broad Perspective ◽  
Excitatory Neurotransmitter ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Transporter Family ◽  
The Central Nervous System

l-Glutamate is the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system and plays important roles in a wide variety of brain functions, but it is also a key player in the pathogenesis of many neurological disorders. The control of glutamate concentrations is critical to the normal functioning of the central nervous system, and in this review we discuss how glutamate transporters regulate glutamate concentrations to maintain dynamic signaling mechanisms between neurons. In 2004, the crystal structure of a prokaryotic homolog of the mammalian glutamate transporter family of proteins was crystallized and its structure determined. This has paved the way for a better understanding of the structural basis for glutamate transporter function. In this review we provide a broad perspective of this field of research, but focus primarily on the more recent studies with a particular emphasis on how our understanding of the structure of glutamate transporters has generated new insights.

scholarly journals Neuroimmune Interactions: From the Brain to the Immune System and Vice Versa

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 477-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Dantzer
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Short Range ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Because of the compartmentalization of disciplines that shaped the academic landscape of biology and biomedical sciences in the past, physiological systems have long been studied in isolation from each other. This has particularly been the case for the immune system. As a consequence of its ties with pathology and microbiology, immunology as a discipline has largely grown independently of physiology. Accordingly, it has taken a long time for immunologists to accept the concept that the immune system is not self-regulated but functions in close association with the nervous system. These associations are present at different levels of organization. At the local level, there is clear evidence for the production and use of immune factors by the central nervous system and for the production and use of neuroendocrine mediators by the immune system. Short-range interactions between immune cells and peripheral nerve endings innervating immune organs allow the immune system to recruit local neuronal elements for fine tuning of the immune response. Reciprocally, immune cells and mediators play a regulatory role in the nervous system and participate in the elimination and plasticity of synapses during development as well as in synaptic plasticity at adulthood. At the whole organism level, long-range interactions between immune cells and the central nervous system allow the immune system to engage the rest of the body in the fight against infection from pathogenic microorganisms and permit the nervous system to regulate immune functioning. Alterations in communication pathways between the immune system and the nervous system can account for many pathological conditions that were initially attributed to strict organ dysfunction. This applies in particular to psychiatric disorders and several immune-mediated diseases. This review will show how our understanding of this balance between long-range and short-range interactions between the immune system and the central nervous system has evolved over time, since the first demonstrations of immune influences on brain functions. The necessary complementarity of these two modes of communication will then be discussed. Finally, a few examples will illustrate how dysfunction in these communication pathways results in what was formerly considered in psychiatry and immunology to be strict organ pathologies.

scholarly journals Age-specific changes in cognitive function

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 01015
Author(s):  
Alena Sidenkova ◽  
Anara Sorokina ◽  
Vasilisa Litvinenko ◽  
Artem Novoselov ◽  
Oleg Serdyuk
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Dynamic Heterogeneity ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Pathological Aging ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Higher Brain Functions

Currently, the number of cases of pathological aging of the central nervous system, represented by a violation of cognitive functions, is increasing. But there is a social request to prolong the physical and mental activity of older people. The study of the dynamics of cognitive aging is timely and relevant. The article contains a report on a cohore non-repeating study of higher brain functions at various age periods. 148 people involved. Their age is 27 -74 years. They are right handed. We applied the screening neuropsychological method. Statistical data processing was performed using SPSS Statistics 17.0 (Mann-Whitney U-test). The dynamic heterogeneity of the cognitive profile during aging was revealed. The deterioration in the performance of the graphomotor test was the most age-specific. In older study participants, a decrease in the visual gnosis test correlated with a decrease in non-verbal intelligence. The decrease in executive functions correlated with the growth of neurodynamic disorders in elderly study participants. The results obtained are useful for differentiating normative and pathological aging of the central nervous system.

New dimensions of connectomics and network plasticity in the central nervous system

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Guidolin ◽  
Manuela Marcoli ◽  
Guido Maura ◽  
Luigi F. Agnati
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Cell Phenotype ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Brain Connectome ◽  
Communication Processes ◽  
Cell Components ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

AbstractCellular network architecture plays a crucial role as the structural substrate for the brain functions. Therefore, it represents the main rationale for the emerging field of connectomics, defined as the comprehensive study of all aspects of central nervous system connectivity. Accordingly, in the present paper the main emphasis will be on the communication processes in the brain, namely wiring transmission (WT), i.e. the mapping of the communication channels made by cell components such as axons and synapses, and volume transmission (VT), i.e. the chemical signal diffusion along the interstitial brain fluid pathways. Considering both processes can further expand the connectomics concept, since both WT-connectomics and VT-connectomics contribute to the structure of the brain connectome. A consensus exists that such a structure follows a hierarchical or nested architecture, and macro-, meso- and microscales have been defined. In this respect, however, several lines of evidence indicate that a nanoscale (nano-connectomics) should also be considered to capture direct protein-protein allosteric interactions such as those occurring, for example, in receptor-receptor interactions at the plasma membrane level. In addition, emerging evidence points to novel mechanisms likely playing a significant role in the modulation of intercellular connectivity, increasing the plasticity of the system and adding complexity to its structure. In particular, the roamer type of VT (i.e. the intercellular transfer of RNA, proteins and receptors by extracellular vesicles) will be discussed since it allowed us to introduce a new concept of ‘transient changes of cell phenotype’, that is the transient acquisition of new signal release capabilities and/or new recognition/decoding apparatuses.

scholarly journals Neuromedin U Receptor 2-Deficient Mice Display Differential Responses in Sensory Perception, Stress, and Feeding

2006 ◽  
Vol 26 (24) ◽  
pp. 9352-9363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongkui Zeng ◽  
Alexander Gragerov ◽  
John G. Hohmann ◽  
Maria N. Pavlova ◽  
Brian A. Schimpf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Dorsal Horn Neurons ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Central Pain Processing ◽  
Excessive Grooming ◽  
Deficient Mice

ABSTRACT Neuromedin U (NMU) is a highly conserved neuropeptide with a variety of physiological functions mediated by two receptors, peripheral NMUR1 and central nervous system NMUR2. Here we report the generation and phenotypic characterization of mice deficient in the central nervous system receptor NMUR2. We show that behavioral effects, such as suppression of food intake, enhanced pain response, and excessive grooming induced by intracerebroventricular NMU administration were abolished in the NMUR2 knockout (KO) mice, establishing a causal role for NMUR2 in mediating NMU's central effects on these behaviors. In contrast to the NMU peptide-deficient mice, NMUR2 KO mice appeared normal with regard to stress, anxiety, body weight regulation, and food consumption. However, the NMUR2 KO mice showed reduced pain sensitivity in both the hot plate and formalin tests. Furthermore, facilitated excitatory synaptic transmission in spinal dorsal horn neurons, a mechanism by which NMU stimulates pain, did not occur in NMUR2 KO mice. These results provide significant insights into a functional dissection of the differential contribution of peripherally or centrally acting NMU system. They suggest that NMUR2 plays a more significant role in central pain processing than other brain functions including stress/anxiety and regulation of feeding.

Direct tonic inhibition of insulin secretion by central nervous system

1983 ◽  
Vol 244 (4) ◽  
pp. E425-E429 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Curry
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Tonic Inhibition ◽  
Secretory Process ◽  
Physiological Control ◽  
Perfused Rat Pancreas ◽  
Constant Degree ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Glucose Stimulated Insulin Secretion

An experimental animal model was developed to investigate the influence of the central nervous system (CNS) on insulin secretion via direct innervation to the pancreas. This model eliminates any indirect CNS effect on the pancreas by hormonal factors. It consists of a vascularly isolated, in situ perfused rat pancreas preparation with the cephalic portion of the animal functional, including innervation to the pancreas. Using this rat model, we have demonstrated that the nonstimulated rat brain exerts a tonic inhibition of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in nonfasted rats. This inhibition can only occur directly via neurons from brain to pancreas, probably via the sympathetic nervous system. The brain does not alter the biphasic pattern of insulin secretion, but it suppresses the overall insulin secretory process throughout both phases of insulin secretion by a relatively constant degree ranging from 38 to 47%. The physiological purpose of this tonic suppression of insulin secretion is open to speculation, but it is well known that tonic sympathetic stimulation of the cardiovascular system represents an important physiological control mechanism. An analogous control may exist with respect to insulin secretion.

scholarly journals Contribution of Professor B.M. Savin to the development ofaviation and space medicine

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 268-270
Author(s):  
A. A. Blaginin ◽  
I. V. Bukhtiarov ◽  
P. S. Pashenko ◽  
A. V. Savin
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nervous Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Space Medicine ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Daily Work ◽  
Military Medical Academy ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Life Path

The main milestones of scientific and pedagogical activity, as well as the life path of one of the leading representatives of aviation medicine, Doctor of Medical Sciences, professor, outstanding researcher and wonderful teacher, author of works on the problem of influence of overload and hypervesomity on the body and central nervous system of man- Boris MikhailvichSavin are considered. Separate moments of his participation in the Great Patriotic War before daily work as the head of research department of the Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov are presented. The contribution of Boris Savin to the study of issues related to aviation and space medicine, in particular: the study of the action on the body of overload and the clarification of physiological mechanisms underlying changes in higher nervous activity at accelerations, was analyzed; Studying the state of the central nervous system when exposed to various factors; Development of neuroreflective theory of adverse effect of accelerations on human body. Boris Mikhailvich has made a huge contribution to the development of aviation and space medicine and has entered the history of aviation and space medicine through his research and scientific publications, which include monographs The influence of overload on the functional state of the central nervous system and the mechanism of disruption of its activities and Hypervesomeness and functions of the central nervous system.

scholarly journals Do the results of the sensomotor response reflect the typological properties of the central nervous system?

2021 ◽  
pp. 69-77
Author(s):  
V. S. Lyzohub ◽  
V. V. Shpanyuk ◽  
V. O. Pustovalov ◽  
T. V. Kozhemyako ◽  
V. O. Suprunovich
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Nervous Activity ◽  
Functional Mobility ◽  
Temporal Characteristics ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Visual Motor ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction.During the study, we tried to find out whether the temporal characteristics of sensory-motor response can reflect the typological properties of the central nervous system. Such research is essential to reveal the mechanisms of development of higher mental functions and mental capacity.Purpose.To establish the relationship between the speed characteristics of visual-motor reaction different complexity and individual-typological properties of the central nervous system.Methods.Individual differences of sensorimotor reaction and the properties of the main nervous processes were determined by the method of M. V. Makarenko [8] using the computer system "Diagnost-1". 32 teenagers aged 10-11 were examined. During the study, the indicators of latent periods of simple (SVMR) and complex visual-motor reactions of choice (RC1-2, RC2-3), functional mobility of nervous processes (FMNS) were investigated. Results.Speed characteristics of simple (SVMR) and complex visual-motor reactions of choice of one (RC1-3) and choice of two (RC2-3) excitatory and inhibitory signals were studied in order to 202177use them to assess individual typological properties of the central nervous system (CNS) in adolescents 10-11 years old. There is no evidence of a relationship between the rate of SVMR with different levels of functional mobility (FMNS) of nervous processes in adolescents 10-11 years old.The reaction rate did not differ statistically and was the same in representatives with high, medium and low levels oftypological properties of nervous system. The results of the correlation analysis between SVMR and FMNP were r = 0.13 (p = 0.59), which indicated no relationship between them. The relationship of sensorimotor response time with individual-typological features of the CNS was established in complex information differentiation RC2-3. The temporal characteristics of RC2-3 were dependent on the individual-typological properties of the CNS.The reaction rate of RC2-3 was higher in adolescents 10-11 years old with high levels of -3 were r = 0.35 (p = 0.034).The results show that the velocity characteristics of complex neurodynamic acts, in contrast to simple ones, can be used as quantitative characteristics of the typological properties of the CNS.Originality.The results of our research may be evidence that the indicator RC2-3 can be used as an additional informative criterion for assessing the individual-typological properties of the higher parts of the central nervous system.Conclusion. The temporal characteristics of SVMR and RC1-3 cannot be considered as informative criteria for assessing the individual-typological properties of CNS in adolescents 10-11 years. Time characteristics of RC2-3 differentiation reactions can be used as additional indicators for assessing the individual-typological properties of higher nervous activity in adolescents 10-11 years, namely, the level of functional mobility of nervous processes.Key words:processing of information of various complexity, speed characteristics of simple reactions, motor acts of choice and differentiation, individual-typological properties, functional mobility of nervous processes

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