scholarly journals Using the Paramecium caudatum test object to determine acute toxicity of physiologically active substances

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-113
Author(s):  
V A Andreev ◽  
E Yu Andreeva ◽  
L P Erdniyev ◽  
Ya A Stepanov ◽  
A Yu Mikshta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Solvents ◽  
Test Object ◽  
Organic Dyes ◽  
Physicochemical Analysis ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Paramecium Caudatum ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Toxicological Studies

The advantage of biotesting in comparison with the physicochemical analysis of the use of Paramecium caudatum for toxicological studies has been shown. Physical and chemical analysis often fails to detect unstable compounds. In addition, these tools are not possible to determine the ultra-low concentration of chemicals. In addition to the traditional use of laboratory animals, representatives of protozoa have recently been used. In connection with this, a test object of the Sim-plest type was chosen and justified. The advantages of using the simplest compared with the use of laboratory animals. The various models used to test toxic substances are described. Their advantages and disadvantages are noted. The main advantages of second-order models using alternative models (various hydrobionts, bacteria, cell cultures, etc.) are described. The relevance of using the culture of cells of the ciliate Paramecium caudatum for toxicological studies has been shown. The methodological aspects of the biotesting of organic solvents using the proposed test object are presented. A unidirectional change in the toxicometric parameters of organic solvents for two types of biological objects: a white mouse and a culture of infusoria Paramecium caudatum were revealed. The possibility of using Paramecium caudatum for toxicological studies has been shown. A correlation was noted between the indicators of the general toxicity of organic dyes and those of white mice.

scholarly journals Determination of acute toxicity of the ‘Bondarmin’ disinfectant when administered intraperitoneally to laboratory animals

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 25-28
Author(s):  
A. O. Bondarchuk ◽  
A. P. Paliy ◽  
A. P. Palii ◽  
A. P. Aksonov
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Toxic Effect ◽  
Intraperitoneal Administration ◽  
Toxicity Assessment ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
National University ◽  
Acute Toxic Effect ◽  
Scientific Laboratory

The article presents the results of the study of the acute toxic effect of the innovative disinfectant ‘Bondarmin’ (active substance — potassium peroxomonosulfate) on laboratory animals (mice, rats) are presented. Many scientific works of scientists in recent years have been devoted to the study of the toxicity of various disinfectants both in our country and abroad. However, today there are many topical issues regarding the toxicity and safety of some antimicrobials. Our work aimed to study the toxic effect on the laboratory animals and to establish the acute toxicity (LD50) of the developed disinfectant ‘Bondarmin’ when administered intraperitoneally. Experiments were carried out in the Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology of the National University of Pharmacy (Kharkiv) and in the Educational and Scientific Laboratory of Genetic and Molecular Research Methods named after P. I. Verbitskiy in the Kharkiv State Zooveterinary Academy. Acute toxicity assessment (LD50) was carried out with intraperitoneal administration of the designed disinfectant to laboratory animals (mice, rats). The toxic effect of the newly developed disinfectant ‘Bondarmin’ for the intraperitoneal method of administration to laboratory animals (mice, rats) has been determined. For the intraperitoneal administration of the ‘Bondarmin’ disinfectant, the LD50 by Prozorovskiy method is 316.85 ± 19.26 mg/kg for mice, and 279.33 ± 19.80 mg/kg for rats. The disinfectant belongs to the IV toxicity class (low toxic substances). The results of toxicological studies allow us to recommend the use of ‘Bondarmin’ for disinfecting livestock facilities

Actual issues of hygienic regulation and creation of safe working conditions at pharmaceutical manufacturing enterprises

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (10) ◽  
pp. 640-644
Author(s):  
Vadim M. Vasilkevich ◽  
Ruslan V. Bogdanov ◽  
Elena V. Drozdova
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Production Environment ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
Health Disorders ◽  
Safe Working

Introduction. The working conditions of pharmaceutical industry workers are characterized by the combined effect of unfavorable factors of the production environment, among which the leading one is chemical. The aim of study is to substantiate the basic principles and criteria for hygienic regulation of pharmaceutical products in their production to ensure safe working conditions for employees based on the results of their own research and existing requirements of technical regulations. Materials and methods. Analysis of working conditions and the prevalence of health disorders in pharmaceutical workers (according to literature data), toxicological studies of pharmaceutical substances on laboratory animals, scientific justification of hygiene standards in the air of the working area. Results. Among employees of the pharmaceutical industry, the predominant forms of production-related health disorders are diseases of the respiratory system, as well as skin dermatitis of allergic origin, liver and biliary tract diseases. Based on the results of experimental studies of domestic pharmaceutical products for the treatment of cardiovascular, oncological and mental diseases that have priority socio-economic significance, the basic principles and features of the practice of justifying the hygienic standards of medicines in the air of the working area are developed and systematized. Conclusions. During hygienic rationing of medicines, it is necessary to use a differentiated approach that allows, based on the analysis of information about the chemical structure, physical and chemical characteristics, production conditions, pharmacotherapeutic activity, and the results of studying the toxic effect in an experiment on laboratory animals, to determine the maximum permissible content in the air of the working area of medicines or to justify the prohibition of isolation with reasoned recommendations for their safe production.

scholarly journals Investigating Molecular Mechanisms of Immunotoxicity and the Utility of ToxCast for Immunotoxicity Screening of Chemicals Added to Food

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 3332
Author(s):  
Olga V. Naidenko ◽  
David Q. Andrews ◽  
Alexis M. Temkin ◽  
Tasha Stoiber ◽  
Uloma Igara Uche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
High Throughput Screening ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Toxicological Studies

The development of high-throughput screening methodologies may decrease the need for laboratory animals for toxicity testing. Here, we investigate the potential of assessing immunotoxicity with high-throughput screening data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ToxCast program. As case studies, we analyzed the most common chemicals added to food as well as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) shown to migrate to food from packaging materials or processing equipment. The antioxidant preservative tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) showed activity both in ToxCast assays and in classical immunological assays, suggesting that it may affect the immune response in people. From the PFAS group, we identified eight substances that can migrate from food contact materials and have ToxCast data. In epidemiological and toxicological studies, PFAS suppress the immune system and decrease the response to vaccination. However, most PFAS show weak or no activity in immune-related ToxCast assays. This lack of concordance between toxicological and high-throughput data for common PFAS indicates the current limitations of in vitro screening for analyzing immunotoxicity. High-throughput in vitro assays show promise for providing mechanistic data relevant for immune risk assessment. In contrast, the lack of immune-specific activity in the existing high-throughput assays cannot validate the safety of a chemical for the immune system.

COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF NEW OSTEOPLASTIC MATERIALS BASED ON THE RESULTS OF ACUTE TOXICITY STUDIES

2021 ◽  
Vol Special issue (2) ◽  
pp. 29-33
Author(s):  
А.N. Akbarov ◽  
◽  
N.S. Ziyadullaeva
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Glass ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Comparative Evaluation ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Osteoplastic Material ◽  
Rats And Mice ◽  
Lethal Doses

Three series of experiments were carried out and lethal doses of the new osteoplastic material 47.5 V were determined by the intraperitoneal and intragastric injection of the material to laboratory animals. A comparative evaluation with Bioactive glass BG-1D was also carried out. It was found that the LD50of 47,5B was 4274.51:4770.58 mg/kg for intragastric injection and 2358.31:2895.65 mg/kg for intraperitoneal injection to rats. In animals getting Bioactive glass BG-1D, these indicators changed slightly, amounting to 3439.04:3810.53 mg/kg and 1732.77:2730.93 mg/kg, respectively. Thus, according to the classification of substances according to the degree of toxicity, these materials can be attributed to practically non-toxic substances (according to the results of intraperitoneal injection of the material suspension to rats and mice) and low-toxic substances (according to the results of intragastric injection of the material suspension to rats)

Study of toxicity and peculiarities of biological effects of nanocomposite pectin-Ag: results of a subchronic experiment

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 25-33
Author(s):  
Vadzim Michailovich Vasilkevich ◽  
Ruslan Valerievich Bogdanov ◽  
Ksenia Sergeevna Gilevskaya ◽  
Victoria Igorevna Kulikouskaya
Keyword(s):  
Biological Effects ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Intragastric Administration ◽  
Pectin Content ◽  
Target Organs ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
Threshold Doses ◽  
20 Nm ◽  
Dose Dependent

Introduction. Nanocomposites synthesized by the “green chemistry” method do not contain toxic chemicals (reducing agents and organic solvents) as carriers and/or stabilizing shells. One of the representatives of this group of materials are nanocomposites based on silver, which are increasingly used in medical practice, veterinary medicine, and in some other fields. Material and methods. The nanocomposite is Ag0 nanoparticles coated with a highly methoxylated pectin shell. The concentration of Ag0 nanoparticles in the hydrosol of the pectin-Ag nanocomposite is 1.65 mmol/l, and the pectin content is 7.5 mg/ml. The size of the synthesized pectin-Ag nanocomposite is ~20-30 nm, more than 90% of the particles have a diameter of less than 20 nm, the value of the ξ-potential is 45.3 ± 0.7 mV. Toxicological studies were carried out on outbred rats. The main goal of the research was to study the toxic effects of the pectin-Ag nanocomposite in a subchronic experiment (90 days). At the end of the experiment, a complex of behavioral and clinical and laboratory parameters was determined, which made it possible to assess the biological effect of the nanocomposite on animals. The research results were statistically processed. Results. With subchronic intragastric administration of the pectin-Ag nanocomposite to laboratory animals (rats) for 3 months at doses of 50, 500, and 5000 mg/kg, it was found that the nanocomposite exhibits a dose-dependent general toxic effect with critical target organs - the liver and spleen and the main biochemical markers of toxicity effect - aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase. Conclusion. Experimental studies have made it possible to substantiate the threshold doses of the hydrosol of the pectin-Ag nanocomposite for the intragastric route of intake.

scholarly journals A Pathology Review of the Lower Gastrointestinal Tract in Relation to Ulcerative Colitis in Rats and Cynomolgus Macaques Treated With Ammonium Perfluorooctanoate

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 593-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sue Chang ◽  
George A. Parker ◽  
Sarah E. Kleinschmidt ◽  
Geary W. Olsen ◽  
Carol A. Ley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Ohio River ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Condition ◽  
Cynomolgus Macaques ◽  
Rigorous Treatment

Among many short-term, subchronic, and chronic toxicology studies with ammonium perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), the gastrointestinal tract has not been identified as a target organ for PFOA-related toxicity in laboratory animals where the corresponding serum PFOA concentrations typically approach several orders of magnitude higher than the general human population. These lack of gastrointestinal tract-related findings were in direct contrast to an epidemiological observation where a positive trend was observed for ulcerative colitis, an idiopathic chronic inflammatory condition of the gut, in a Mid-Ohio River community whose drinking water contained higher levels of PFOA. This study was conducted to perform a histological reevaluation of large intestine sections in laboratory animals from 2 long-term toxicological studies: one was with Sprague Dawley rats that received ammonium PFOA in their diet for 2 years and the other one was with cynomolgus macaques that received daily capsules of ammonium PFOA for 6 months. In both studies, there was a lack of histological evidence of treatment-related inflammatory lesions that was suggestive of the occurrence of ulcerative colitis in these laboratory animals even under the most rigorous treatment schedules. These findings do not offer support for the biological plausibility of the epidemiological associations reported.

Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of the aqueous leaf extract of Phyllanthus amarus Schum (Euphorbiaceae) in some laboratory animals

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeolu A. Adedapo ◽  
Sunday O. Ofuegbe
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Analgesic Effect ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Herbal Remedy ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
Reference Drug ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Dose Dependent Decrease ◽  
Dose Dependent

Abstracthas a history of use in Ayurvedic medicine for over 2000 years as well as a wide variety of traditional applications and has gained popularity in many continents as a herbal remedy; hence, it is being assessed for its safety potential and anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties in some laboratory animals.Standard phytochemical methods were used to test for the presence of phytoactive compounds in the plant. Acute toxicity testing was carried out in mice to determine safe doses for the extract. The anti-inflammatory activity of the leaf extract of this plant was assessed using carrageenan-induced and histamine-induced paw edema. The analgesic effect was determined using the acetic acid writhing method as well as formalin test.The extract at 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight reduced significantly, the formation of edema induced by carrageenan and histamine. In the acetic acid-induced writhing model, the extract showed a good analgesic effect characterized by reduction in the number of writhes when compared to the control. The extract caused dose-dependent decrease of licking time in rats injected with 2.5% formalin, signifying its analgesic effect. These results were also comparable to those of ibuprofen, the reference drug used in this study.The plant extract reduced significantly the formation of edema induced by carrageenan and histamine as well as reducing the number of writhes in acetic acid-induced writhing models and dose-dependent decrease of licking time in rats injected with 2.5% formalin. The results have validated the basis for the traditional use of

Hamsters and Gerbils: Advantages and Disadvantages as Models in Toxicity Testing

1985 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
F. Homburger ◽  
C. G. Van Dongen ◽  
R. A. Adams ◽  
E. Soto
Keyword(s):  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Meriones Unguiculatus ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Spontaneous Tumors ◽  
Additional Species ◽  
Syrian Hamsters ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Laboratory Rodents ◽  
Other Substances

The need for additional species of laboratory animals for toxicity testing, especially for chronic (lifetime) carcinogenesis bioassay, becomes more apparent as data on such tests in mice and rats accumulate and undergo analysis. The results of approximately half of the lifetime carcinogenesis bioassays conducted by the National Cancer Institute and the National Toxicology Program were either equivocal or unevaluable. Some changes must, therefore, be considered for carcinogenesis bioassay guidelines, and foremost among such improvements would be the inclusion of a species with few spontaneous tumors, healthy parenchymal organs (especially liver), and proven susceptibility to administered standard carcinogens and other substances known to be carcinogenic to man or other laboratory animals. Mesocricetus auratus, the Syrian golden hamster, is such a species. A considerable body of background information on Syrian hamsters is available and continues to accumulate in the literature. Information on gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) is less voluminous, but that which is known suggests that this species as well could contribute toward improvement in toxicological and carcinogenesis bioassays. There are some limitations, however, which apply to gerbils, namely, a much longer lifespan than most other laboratory rodents, fairly high frequency of spontaneous tumors, and great diversity in the nature of such naturally occurring tumors. Gerbil population genetics has been studied less thoroughly. Inbred Syrian hamsters and their genetically defined hybrids, standardized for carcinogenesis responsiveness, healthy and long-lived, are now readily available, making it possible to reproduce results at any time in different laboratories.

scholarly journals Removal of landfill leachate toxicity and genotoxicity by two treatment methods

2014 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Radić Brkanac ◽  
Valerija Vujčić ◽  
Petra Cvjetko ◽  
Vid Baković ◽  
Višnja Oreščanin
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Photosynthetic Pigments ◽  
Landfill Leachate ◽  
Physicochemical Analysis ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Allium Test ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste Landfills ◽  
Dna Strand ◽  
Water Treatments

Summary Leachates from active and closed municipal solid waste landfills can be a major source of contamination to groundwater and surface waters. In the present study the toxic and genotoxic potential of leachate from an old sanitary landfill prior to and following chemical and electrochemical treatments were assessed using Lemna, Allium, and comet tests. Photosynthetic pigments, malondialdehyde (indicator of lipid peroxidation) and antioxidant enzyme activities were evaluated as additional indicators of toxicity in duckweed. Following duckweed exposure to 25 % dilution of landfill leachate, growth rate and photosynthetic pigments content significantly decreased while lipid peroxidation increased despite stimulation of antioxidative defence mechanisms. Diluted leachate induced DNA strand breaks in duckweed cells as evidenced by the comet assay. Regarding the Allium test, untreated leachate caused inhibition of Allium cepa cell division and induction of mitotic and chromosomal aberrations. Although both water treatments completely reduced genotoxicity of leachate, the electrochemical method was found to be more efficient in removing toxic substances present in landfill leachate and thus more suitable for treating such leachates prior to their discharge into the environment. As landfill leachates pose a risk to human health and environment in general due to their (geno)toxicity, the present study demonstrates that the ecotoxicity/genotoxicity assays should be used in leachate risk assessment together with physicochemical analysis.

scholarly journals Application of adsorption process for phenolic compounds removal from aqueous environments: A systematic review

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 146-163 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Coke Oven ◽  
Carbon Adsorbents ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Physical Treatment ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Aqueous Environments ◽  
Adsorption Processes ◽  
Paper And Pulp

<p>Wastewater from various types of industries such as synthetic resins, plywood industries, paper and pulp, gas and coke oven plants, paints, coal gas, tanning, textile, plastic, rubber, pharmaceutical, petroleum and mine discharges, contain different types of phenols. Phenolic compounds are toxic substances and some are known or suspected carcinogens. Therefore it is important to remove phenol and phenolic compounds from contaminated industrial aqueous streams before discharged into any water bodies. Adsorption of phenol and its derivatives from aqueous solution by activated carbon is one of the most investigated of all liquid phase applications of carbon adsorbents. Several adsorbents have been used for treatment of wastewater and removal of phenolic compounds. Literature contains various adsorption processes and adsorbents such as pistachio nut shell ash, Moringa peregrina tree shell ash, agricultural fibers, red mud, low cost clay, olive mill waste, natural zeolites, rubber seed coat, peat, fly ash, bentonite and &hellip; which have been used for the removal of phenol and its derivatives. Any of chemical, biological and physical treatment processes has its own advantages and disadvantages. It is worth mentioning that economic aspects of these processes are important, for example biosorption were found to be effective methods with scope for further research in this field in terms of cost effectiveness and regeneration. At present study various adsorbents used by the authors of this article and other researchers for phenol and its derivatives from aqueous environments have been reported and summarized. Additionally, more research is needed to find the practical utility of low-cost adsorbents on commercial scale.</p>

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