scholarly journals Morphological characteristics of the auxiliary elements of the knee joint in normal and deforming arthrosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-179
Author(s):  
I V Gaivoronskiy ◽  
V V Hominets ◽  
A A Semenov ◽  
I A Goryacheva
Keyword(s):  
Articular Cartilage ◽  
Knee Joint ◽  
Medial Meniscus ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Relative Length ◽  
The Body ◽  
Morphological Studies

The results of morphological studies of auxiliary elements (patella, meniscus, cruciate ligament, synovial bags) of 60 knee joints of adult corpses, 30 of which were intact (without signs of deforming arthrosis) and 30 with signs of deforming arthrosis of stages III-IV are presented. It is established that the auxiliary apparatus undergoes significant changes in the progression of deforming arthrosis. In a greater degree degenerative changes prone articular cartilage of the patella and medial condyles of the knee joint. The affected areas were characterized by thinning of the articular cartilage or its complete absence, as well as the presence of osteophytes along the edges of the articular surfaces. The measurements of the relative length, width, and thickness of the meniscus also confirmed the fact of their substantial deformation and degeneration, mainly of the medial meniscus. The posterior part of the body and the horn of the medial meniscus were most susceptible to the destruction of the cartilaginous tissue and were accompanied by the erasure and disintegration of the inner margin. Synovial membranes with deforming arthrosis were thickened, compacted and locally hyperemic, had papillary growths, which indicates the presence of synovitis and fluid accumulation not only in the joint cavity but also in synovial bags, the sizes of which were significantly increased. Intra-articular ligaments are hyperemic, and fragments are noted. Pterygoid folds are enlarged, locally hyperemic, with a vascular pattern, elongated processes are visualized along the edges. Identified morphological changes in the progression of deforming arthrosis lead to trophic and metabolic disturbances of all structures of the knee joint. The results of the study of the auxiliary elements of the knee joint can be used as a control in the diagnosis of deforming arthrosis.

scholarly journals Biomechanics of the medial meniscus in the osteoarthritic knee joint

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e12509
Author(s):  
Karol Daszkiewicz ◽  
Piotr Łuczkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Articular Cartilage ◽  
Knee Joint ◽  
Hoop Stress ◽  
Medial Meniscus ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Cartilage Thickness ◽  
Medial Knee ◽  
Material Parameters ◽  
Knee Oa ◽  
Meniscal Lesions

Background Increased mechanical loading and pathological response of joint tissue to the abnormal mechanical stress can cause degradation of cartilage characteristic of knee osteoarthritis (OA). Despite osteoarthritis is risk factor for the development of meniscal lesions the mechanism of degenerative meniscal lesions is still unclear. Therefore, the aim of the study is to investigate the influence of medial compartment knee OA on the stress state and deformation of the medial meniscus. Methods The finite element method was used to simulate the stance phase of the gait cycle. An intact knee model was prepared based on magnetic resonance scans of the left knee joint of a healthy volunteer. Degenerative changes in the medial knee OA model were simulated by nonuniform reduction in articular cartilage thickness in specific areas and by a decrease in the material parameters of cartilage and menisci. Two additional models were created to separately evaluate the effect of alterations in articular cartilage geometry and material parameters of the soft tissues on the results. A nonlinear dynamic analysis was performed for standardized knee loads applied to the tibia bone. Results The maximum von Mises stress of 26.8 MPa was observed in the posterior part of the medial meniscus body in the OA model. The maximal hoop stress for the first peak of total force was 83% greater in the posterior horn and only 11% greater in the anterior horn of the medial meniscus in the OA model than in the intact model. The reduction in cartilage thickness caused an increase of 57% in medial translation of the medial meniscus body. A decrease in the compressive modulus of menisci resulted in a 2.5-fold greater reduction in the meniscal body width compared to the intact model. Conclusions Higher hoop stress levels on the inner edge of the posterior part of the medial meniscus in the OA model than in the intact model are associated with a greater medial translation of the meniscus body and a greater reduction in its width. The considerable increase in hoop stresses shows that medial knee OA may contribute to the initiation of meniscal radial tears.

scholarly journals Phosphorus Concentration in Knee Joint Structures of Patients Following Replacement Surgery

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ciosek Żaneta ◽  
Kosik-Bogacka Danuta ◽  
Łanocha-Arendarczyk Natalia ◽  
Kot Karolina ◽  
Karaczun Maciej ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
The Body ◽  
Infrapatellar Fat Pad ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Spongy Bone ◽  
Fat Pad ◽  
Hoffa’S Fat Pad ◽  
P Concentration

The aim of the study was to assess phosphorus (P) concentration in structures of the knee joint—including the tibial spongy bone, articular cartilage, meniscus, anterior cruciate ligament, and infrapatellar fat pad (Hoffa’s fat pad)—of patients following knee joint replacement. The study also aimed to assess the influence of selected biological and environmental factors on P concentration in studied parts of the knee joint. Phosphorus concentration was determined using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Statistically significant differences in P concentration were found between different elements of the knee joint. The highest P concentration was measured in the spongy bone (72,746.68 mg kg−1 dw) and the lowest in the Hoffa’s fat pad (1203.19 mg kg−1 dw). P levels were unaffected by gender, age, BMI, place of residence, smoking, or alcohol consumption. Data on P concentration in the osteoarticular elements of the knee may be useful in the interpretation and evaluation of biochemical, morphological, and mechanical changes occurring in the body.

Reducing The Risk Of ACL Injury In Female Athletes

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Larry W. McDaniel ◽  
Adrienna Rasche ◽  
Laura Gaudet ◽  
Allen Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
The Body ◽  
Acl Injuries ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Below The Knee ◽  
Anterior Cruciate ◽  
Additional Level ◽  
Prevention Methods

The Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) is located behind the kneecap (patella) and connects the thigh bone (femur) to the shin bone (tibia). Stabilizing the knee joint is the primary responsibility of the ACL. Injuries that affect the ACL are three to five times more common in females than males. This is a result of anatomical, biomechanical, strength, and hormonal differences. The probability of potentially devastating tears to the ACL may be reduced in female athletes by an alternative warm-up program that focuses on muscle flexibility, strength, motor skill, and balance enhancement. Once the ACL has been torn, it becomes impossible to reattach or stitch the ligament back together.  The blood supply in this area of the body is diminished and the tissue becomes nonviable. Reconstruction of the ACL involves attaching the ligament to another tendon from the hamstring, just below the knee. Although reconstruction and treatment of ACL injuries are available, much unnecessary pain, money, and time may be wasted during these procedures. It is important to be aware of the prevention methods available to reduce the possibility of potentially devastating tears to the ACL. These prevention methods include proper warm-up and avoiding activities that cause pain. Other preventive measures include incorporating balance exercises along with stretching and strengthening muscles near the ACL. Appropriate rest and recovery time are other important factors that may prevent ACL injuries. Quality footwear, strapping, or taping may provide an additional level of support to the knee joint and ACL.  

A Two-Dimensional Dynamic Anatomical Model of the Human Knee Joint

1993 ◽  
Vol 115 (4A) ◽  
pp. 357-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eihab Abdel-Rahman ◽  
Mohamed Samir Hefzy
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
Posterior Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Numerical Solutions ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Geometric Constraints ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Algebraic Equations ◽  
Collateral Ligaments ◽  
Nonlinear Algebraic Equations

The objective of this study is to develop a two-dimensional dynamic model of the knee joint to simulate its response under sudden impact. The knee joint is modeled as two rigid bodies, representing a fixed femur and a moving tibia, connected by 10 nonlinear springs representing the different fibers of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, the medial and lateral collateral ligaments, and the posterior part of the capsule. In the analysis, the joint profiles were represented by polynomials. Model equations include three nonlinear differential equations of motion and three nonlinear algebraic equations representing the geometric constraints. A single point contact was assumed to exist at all times. Numerical solutions were obtained by applying Newmark constant-average-acceleration scheme of differential approximation to transform the motion equations into a set of nonlinear simultaneous algebraic equations. The equations reduced thus to six nonlinear algebraic equations in six unknowns. The Newton-Raphson iteration technique was then used to obtain the solution. Knee response was determined under sudden rectangular pulsing posterior forces applied to the tibia and having different amplitudes and durations. The results indicate that increasing pulse amplitude and/or duration produced a decrease in the magnitude of the tibio-femoral contact force, indicating thus a reduction in the joint stiffness. It was found that the anterior fibers of the posterior cruciate and the medial collateral ligaments are the primary restraints for a posterior forcing pulse in the range of 20 to 90 degrees of knee flexion; this explains why most isolated posterior cruciate ligament injuries and combined injuries to the posterior cruciate ligament and the medial collateral results from a posterior impact on a flexed knee.

scholarly journals Pathophysiological justification of age- and gender-dependent morphological changes in the adipose tissue in rat models of metabolic syndrome

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia A. Shutova ◽  
Olha V. Nikolaieva ◽  
Irina Yu. Kuzmina ◽  
Olena O. Pavlova ◽  
Inna O. Sulhdost
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
The Body ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
White Rats ◽  
And Gender

Introduction: The mechanisms of metabolic syndrome (MS) is one of the urgent issues in medicine. Regional distribution of the adipose tissue should be diagnosed at clinical examination, as the morphometric parameters of the cells of the active adipose tissue components may indicate the metabolic state. Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the differences in morphological and histological parameters of the adipose tissue associated with the development of MS in animals of different ages and gender. Material and methods: An experimental study was carried out on 144 WAG/G Sto white rats, divided into three study groups. Group 1 included young immature rats, 3 months old; group 2 consisted of 48 sexually mature rats, aged 5–6 months; group 3 consisted of 48 old rats, 18 months old. Each group was divided into 2 subgroups, control and experimental, and was additionally divided according to gender. Results and discussion: The body mass indices and specific weights of mesenteric, epididymal, retroperitoneal and subcutaneous adipose tissue were determined in rats, as well as morphological characteristics of adipocytes of the adipose tissue. It was shown that histological and morphological changes in the adipose tissue of the animals were age- and gender-dependent, and that obesity is associated with chronic inflammation of the adipose tissue. Conclusions: The results of the study can be used for further determination of possible age and gender differences in the adipose tissue involvement in the development of chronic inflammation, as well as monitoring and correction of adipose tissue dysfunction in MS.

scholarly journals Acteoside counteracts interleukin-1β-induced catabolic processes through the modulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and the NFκB cellular signaling pathway

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
HyangI Lim ◽  
Do Kyung Kim ◽  
Tae-Hyeon Kim ◽  
Kyeong-Rok Kang ◽  
Jeong-Yeon Seo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Articular Cartilage ◽  
Knee Joint ◽  
Western Blot ◽  
Medial Meniscus ◽  
Fast Green ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases ◽  
Progressive Degeneration ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein ◽  
Safranin O

Abstract Objectives To verify the anti-catabolic effects of acteoside [α-L-rhamnosyl-(1->3)-β-D-glucoside] against osteoarthritis and its anti-catabolic signaling pathway. Methods Primary rat chondrocytes were isolated enzymatically from the articular cartilage of rat knee joint. Cytotoxicity of acteoside was assessed by MTT and Cell Live/Dead assay. Proteoglycan content was measured by dimethylmethylene blue assay. The proteoglycan loss was assessed by histological analysis using safranin-O & fast green staining after ex vivo organ culture of articular cartilage. The alteration of catabolic factors such as cartilage degrading enzymes, pro-inflammation cytokines, and inflammatory mediators were assessed by qPCR, qRT-PCR, gelatin zymography, western blot, and cytokine array. Cellular signaling pathways were investigated by western blot and nucleus translocation. Acteoside was orally administrated to osteoarthritic animals generated by the destabilization of medial meniscus at the knee joint of mice for 8 weeks. Thereafter, proteoglycan loss was assessed by safranin-O & fast green staining. Results Acteoside did not decrease the viabilities of mouse fibroblast L929 cells used as a normal cells and primary rat chondrocytes. Acteoside counteracted the IL-1β-induced proteoglycan loss in the chondrocytes and articular cartilage through suppressing the expression and activation of cartilage-degrading enzyme such as matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13, MMP-1, and MMP-3. Furthermore, acteoside suppressed the expression of inflammatory mediators such as inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, nitric oxide, and prostaglandin E2 in the primary rat chondrocytes treated with IL-1β. Subsequently, the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was decreased by acteoside in the primary rat chondrocytes treated with IL-1β. Moreover, acteoside suppressed not only the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases in primary rat chondrocytes treated with IL-1β but also the translocation of NFκB from the cytosol to the nucleus through suppression of its phosphorylation. Oral administration of 5 and 10 mg/kg acteoside attenuated the progressive degeneration of articular cartilage in the osteoarthritic mouse model generated by destabilization of the medial meniscus. Conclusion Our findings indicate that acteoside is a promising potential anti-catabolic agent or supplement to attenuate or prevent progressive degeneration of articular cartilage.

scholarly journals Study of reliability of meniscus damage signs using high intensity 1,5 tesla mri compared to the results of arthroscopic interventions in acute and obsolete knee injury

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-432
Author(s):  
Y.O. Hrubar ◽  
M.Y. Hrubar ◽  
I.Y. Kuziv ◽  
O. V. Kuziv
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Medial Meniscus ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Lateral Meniscus ◽  
The Body ◽  
Posterior Horn ◽  
Anterior Horn ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Orthopedic Procedure

Annotation. Among the large joints, the knee joint is most often injured, which is due to the peculiarities of its structure and functional loads in the process of human life. The most common injuries are meniscus damages of the knee joint, that is the evidence of steady increase in the number of partial arthroscopic meniscectomies, which have become the most common orthopedic procedure. Diagnosis of meniscus damage is based on the results of clinical examination, sonography and MRI. Increasing the resolution of MRI machines, improving the technique of their implementation allows to improve the quality of diagnosis of meniscus ruptures and improve the results of surgical arthroscopic interventions on the knee joint. The aim of the study – to demonstrate the capabilities of high-intensity 1.5 Tesla MRI and to study the reliability of MRI signs of meniscus damage in comparison with the results of arthroscopic interventions in acute and chronic knee joint injury. The work is based on the results of MRI examinations and arthroscopic interventions of 247 patients with acute and chronic knee joint injuries aged 14 to 59 years. Medial meniscus damage was diagnosed in 206 (83.41%) patients. Lateral meniscus ruptures were diagnosed in 34 patients (13.76%). Simultaneous damage of both menisci was found in 7 (2.83%) patients. It was found that ruptures of the medial meniscus by location were: the root of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus in 4 (1.94%) patients, ruptures of the posterior horn in 82 (39.81%) patients. Injury of the posterior horn with the transition to the body of the meniscus was diagnosed in 117 (56.79%) patients. Anterior horn ruptures were detected in 3 (1.46%) patients. With ruptures of the lateral meniscus: damage of the root of the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus was found in 2 (5.88%) patients, damage of the posterior horn in 9 (26.47%) patients. Posterior horn rupture with transition to the body of the meniscus was diagnosed in 19 (55.89%) patients. Isolated ruptures of the anterior horn were found in 4 (11.76%) patients. Simultaneous damage to both menisci was found in 7 (2.83%) patients. 206 (83.40%) partial meniscectomies were performed during arthroscopic interventions and meniscus suturings were performed over 41 (16.60%) patients. In order to identify meniscus damage and their location during MRI knee joint investigations 21 pseudo-positive and 18 pseudo-negative cases of diagnosis were revealed. The sensitivity of MRI for defining damage and localization of meniscus rupture was 91,7%, specificity 92,6%, diagnostic accuracy 94,8%. Discrepancies in the evaluation of meniscal damage most often occurred in cases of their combined ruptures and degenerative changes in the menisci.

scholarly journals Regarding the subject of degradation of femoral medial condyle cartilaginous tissue in damaged knee joint medial meniscus

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 16-22
Author(s):  
A. S. Denisov ◽  
D. P. Zagorak
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Knee Joint ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Medial Meniscus ◽  
The Body ◽  
Arthroscopic Treatment ◽  
Cartilaginous Tissue ◽  
Tissue Elasticity ◽  
Femoral Bone ◽  
Medial Condyle

Aim. To reveal the influence of patient’s connective tissue state and body mass on the development of damage of the cartilaginous tissue of femoral bone medial condyle in case of medial meniscus rupture. Materials and methods. The study included 85 patients, undergoing arthroscopic treatment of the knee joint in connection with damaged medial meniscus. The damage degree of femoral medial condyle cartilaginous tissue was estimated using Outerbridge classification (1961). The body mass was calculated by the body mass index kg/m2. To assess the connective tissue elasticity, “the method of express diagnosis of dysplastic state of connective-tissue structures in conditions of ambulatory traumatologo-orthopedic service” was used. Results. The present paper is devoted to a widespread problem – the damage of femoral medial condyle cartilaginous tissue in case of medial meniscus rupture. The aim of the study was to find out the influence of connective tissue state and body mass on the damage of the femoral medial condyle cartilaginous tissue. Seventy patients were examined. As a result of analysis, it was established that an excess body mass as well as low connective tissue elasticity provoke destruction of the cartilaginous tissue of femoral bone medial condyle. Patients with connective tissue dysplasia are more tolerant to cartilaginous tissue degradation. The risk group for cartilaginous tissue damage includes persons with low connective tissue elasticity and obesity. Conclusions. When medial meniscus is ruptured, most patients during the first 6 months after trauma experience damage of femoral medial condyle cartilaginous tissue. The most favorable for the outcome is the state when patients have a normal body mass. Dysplastic state of connective tissue somehow eliminates the damaging factor at the expense of elevated elasticity of cartilaginous tissue. The most unfavorable is the situation, when patients have excess body mass and low connective tissue elasticity. For this group of patients the most optimal variant is hospitalization and arthroscopic treatment taking into account urgent indications.

scholarly journals Influence of cryoconserved placenta preparations on the course of non-specific gonarthrosis in the experiment

TRAUMA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 62-67
Author(s):  
O.V. Pelypenko ◽  
V.I. Shepitko
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Inflammatory Process ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Subcutaneous Implantation ◽  
Aseptic Inflammation ◽  
Intact Group ◽  
White Rats

Background. Treatment of joint pathology, both degenerative and traumatic, is a long, multicomponent process that requires joint efforts of the doctor and the patient. The choice of the optimal therapy is complex and ambiguous. Biologically active compounds are one of the most powerful things for fighting with inflammatory process, which is a constant companion of dama-ge. Due to their antioxidant, immunomodulatory and regenerative properties, placental fragments were admitted as a perspective treatment for arthropathies of various etiologies. Purpose of the research: to determine the morphological characteristics of the constituent structures of the knee joints of rats in a comparative aspect under normal conditions, in experimental arthritis and after exposure to a cryopreserved placenta. Material and methods. An experimental study was carried out on 115 white rats. With the intact group (10 animals) we compared 3 control groups of 35 animals each, who underwent: 1) modeling of carrageenan-induced aseptic inflammation of the knee joint; 2) subcutaneous implantation of placental fragment; 3) subcutaneous implantation of placental fragment against the background of aseptic inflammation of the knee joint. Histological preparations were prepared according to the general methods with hematoxylin-eosin and Van Gieson staining. Results. During the creating an inflammatory focus, changes in the cartilaginous tissue were determined from day 3 in the form of lacunarity, karyopyknosis as a stage of necrobiosis of chondrocytes, especially pronounced on days 10–14. Morphological changes in the bone tissue of rats, which were injected λ-carrageenan, were noted on the 7th day of the research in the form of resorption and destruction of bone trabeculae. Later (day 10), the inflammatory process led to a picture of the fragmented architectonics of bone tissue, which was observed up to 21 days. From the side of the synovial membrane, villous hyperplasia, lymphoid infiltration, and the appearance of additional layers of synoviocytes were observed as a result of a proliferative reaction. The most pronounced changes were observed in the integumentary layer of the synovium. After a single injection of a cryopreserved placenta, the signs of inflammation significantly decreased: the area of destruction of cartilage and bone was limited, and signs of mucoid swel-ling in the synovium decreased. Processes of functional blood filling of the microvasculature prevailed over ischemic ones. Stimulation of regenerative processes provided structural recovery on day 21 of observation. Conclusions. Prepartions of cryopreserved placenta influence the course of the inflammatory process in experimental osteoarthritis. The most reliable therapeutic effect is determined from the side of the synovium.

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