scholarly journals O poluidor-pagador: uma nova análise de um princípio clássico / Polluter pays principle: a new analysis of a classical principle

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Muhájir Rahnemay Rabbani
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Economic Models ◽  
International Perspective ◽  
Environmental Costs ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Universal Principle ◽  
Essential Requirement ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
Classical Principle ◽  
Polluter Pays Principle

Resumo: O princípio do poluidor-pagador surge a partir de modelos econômicos previstos na década de 1920, que visam internalizar ao poluidor os custos ambientais de sua produção. A partir destas teorias, imputa-se ao uso dos recursos naturais um valor monetário, o que possibilita a inserção da cobrança pela deterioração causada ao meio ambiente. À medida que estes modelos evoluíram, o princípio do poluidor-pagador passa, gradativamente, a ser um princípio ambiental universal. Assim, o meio ambiente passa a ser compreendido como um direito-dever de todos, materializado em especial pelo convencionado princípio do poluidor-pagador, que se consagra como uma evolução das políticas públicas na proteção ambiental. Partindo de uma ótica internacional que irradia sobre o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, este estudo tem por objetivos analisar a criação do princípio do poluidor-pagador, sua aceitação no cenário internacional e sua incorporação no sistema normativo brasileiro, inclusive com decisões do STJ. O referencial teórico sistematiza a doutrina e as legislações comparadas da União Europeia, da Espanha e do Brasil. Os resultados da pesquisa buscam demonstrar a evolução histórica do referido princípio no cenário internacional e nacional, permitindo inferir pela sua plena aceitabilidade no sistema jurídico brasileiro. A pesquisa conclui que o princípio do poluidor-apagador não representa apenas um sinônimo de responsabilidade civil para reparação dos danos ambientais: é um instituto muito mais amplo, de cunho sancionador, indenizatório e tributário. A aplicação do princípio deve ser contínua, mesmo em épocas de retração econômica, considerando que a qualidade ambiental é requisito essencial para a subsistência do ser humano no planeta terra. Abstract: The polluter-pays principle emerges from economic models introduced in the 1920’s, that internalized environmental costs to the producers. As these economic models evolved, the polluter-pays principle starts to be accepted as a universal principle. Therefore, the environment is understood at the same time as a right and as a duty of all, embodied in the polluter-pays principle, which has established itself as an evolution of public policies in environmental protectionism. From an international perspective that radiates on the Brazilian legal system, this study aims to analyze the creation of the polluter-pays principle, its acceptance in the international arena and its incorporation into the Brazilian legal system, including its Superior Court of Justice. As benchmark it used the systematization of the doctrine and the comparative legislation of the European Union, Spain and Brazil. The results of the research seek to demonstrate how the historical evolution of the polluter pays principle in the international and national scenario allows to infer the acceptance of the principle in the Brazilian legal system. The research concludes that the polluter pays principle not only corresponds as the compensation for a damage. It is a much broader institute that incorporates sanctioning, indemnity and taxation. The application of the polluter pays principle must be continued even in times of economic retraction, considering that environmental quality is an essential requirement for the subsistence of the human being on planet earth.

The Impact of the Court of Justice of the European Union on the Legal System of Ukraine

2019 ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
ROMAN PETROV
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Legal System ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
The Impact

У статті досліджено вплив Суду Європейського Союзу (ЄС) на впровадження і застосування Угоди про асоціацію між Україною та ЄС, що викликало безпрецедентні політичні, економічні та правові реформи в Україні. Зокрема, розглядаються конституційні виклики, які постали перед державою під час виконання Угоди в правовій системі. Крім того, досліджено два питання. Перше – ефективне впровадження та застосування Угоди про асоціацію між Україною та ЄС в українській правовій системі. Друге – сумісність і відповідність Угоди Конституції України. Проаналізовано останні політичні та правові події в Україні через призму ефективної реалізації Угоди про асоціацію між Україною та ЄС і зростання проєвропейського правового активізму в державі. На закінчення стверджується, що Угода про асоціацію між Україною та ЄС посилює пристосованість національного конституційного устрою до цілей досягнення європейської інтеграції та застосування європейських спільних цінностей в Україні. Угода про асоціацію між Україною та ЄС створила стійку інституційну та правову основу для застосування acquis ЄС (правового доробку ЄС), включаючи прецедентне право ЄС та комплексне законодавче наближення між законодавством України та ЄС. Однак інституційні реформи, які вже відбулися, не можна вважати цілком достатніми. Верховній Раді України не вдалося запровадити основні та процедурні засади для застосування та впровадження Угоди в правовий порядок України. Однак ця прогалина частково заповнюється зростаючим судовим активізмом в Україні. Вітчизняні судді вже почали посилатися на Угоду про асоціацію між Україною та ЄС і відповідні частини acquis ЄС у своїх рішеннях, тим самим закладаючи основу для регулярного застосування загальних принципів права ЄС у процесі виконання й імплементації Угоди про асоціацію між Україною та ЄС.

The preliminary ruling procedure at the court of justice of the European Union and transformation of European anti-discrimination law

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (3) ◽  
pp. 66-72
Author(s):  
Elena Sorokina
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Essential Feature ◽  
Preliminary Ruling ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Judicial Cooperation ◽  
Member States ◽  
National Courts ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
Protection Of Human Rights ◽  
The Eu

The preliminary ruling procedure is an essential feature of the EU legal system, which is a unique cooperation tool as part of the dialogue between the Court of Justice of the EU and national courts of the Member States. Its main purpose is to ensure uniform interpretation and application of the provisions of EU law with all Member States and to preserve the uniformity of the European legal system. The continuous use by national courts of the Member States of the mechanism of preliminary ruling and constructive inter-judicial cooperation, the Court of Justice has developed an extremely extensive case law on the prohibition of discrimination and with the result to introduce substantial changes in European anti-discrimination law.The preliminary rulings of the Court of Justice have shown its inclination to expand notions of what constitutes discrimination and in most cases the Court prompt by the desire to interpret the provisions of European law so as to ensure the full effectiveness of the law, as well as a willingness to promote and strengthen protection against discrimination in Europe. While the protection against discrimination on some grounds is stronger than others, however, the preliminary rulings of the Court of Justice are important contribution to the transformation of anti-discrimination law, promote change in the national legislation of the Member States and provide the more effective protection of human rights in general.

The Impact of the Court of Justice of the European Union on the Russian Legal System

2020 ◽  
pp. 143-172
Author(s):  
Paul Kalinichenko
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
System P ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Russian Model

This chapter presents the findings of the author on the impact of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) on the Russian legal system. To start with, this chapter includes a brief description of the background to the modern Russian legal system and, in particular, the structure of the Russian judiciary. The contribution goes on to describe the Russian model for approximating its legal order with EU rules and standards, as well as adding some remarks on the application of EU law by the Russian courts. Then follows an explanation of the specifics of the database used, together with a description and analysis of citation of CJEU decisions by Russian courts in the period 2006–18. Conclusions and recommendations are presented in the final section of the chapter.

The Impact of the Court of Justice of the European Union on the Turkish Legal System

2020 ◽  
pp. 115-140
Author(s):  
Ulaş Karan
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Government Procurement ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
System P ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
Accession Process ◽  
The Impact

This chapter explores whether the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) produces any impact on the Turkish legal system and, if so, its possible underlying causes. Protection of intellectual, industrial, and commercial property rights, competition, trade defence instruments, government procurement, direct and indirect taxation have been regarded as the main areas of ‘approximation of legislation’. Accordingly, laws adopted mostly in the past three decades show that the influence of EU law is valid only in certain fields of law, such as intellectual property law, labour law, and competition law, and this is also where we find most CJEU citations. This influence forms part of the EU accession process, which requires Turkey to harmonize its laws with the acquis. According to the research, despite the existence of a long-standing accession process and legislation based on the acquis in certain fields of law, on the whole, the Turkish judiciary does not seem committed to follow EU law in general or CJEU jurisprudence in particular.

The Impact of the Court of Justice of the European Union on the Georgian Legal System

2020 ◽  
pp. 241-262
Author(s):  
Gaga Gabrichidze
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Competition Policy ◽  
Case Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Association Agreement ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
System P ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

This chapter scrutinizes perception of the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) by the Georgian courts and the Georgian Competition Agency. With the conclusion of the Association Agreement between the EU and Georgia in 2014, the Georgian legal system undoubtedly became more closely connected with EU law. Hence, approximation commitments under the Association Agreement made the case law of the CJEU of much more relevance for the Georgian courts and administrative authorities. However, in the wake of intensification of EU–Georgia relations, the impact of CJEU case law can be identified even in the time before conclusion of the Association Agreement. Analysis shows that several factors play a role with regard to the extent and frequency of mentioning CJEU case law in the decisions of the Georgian courts and Competition Agency. Judges refer to case law of the CJEU with the aim of either strengthening their own arguments or using it as a source of interpretation. Taking into consideration the ‘European’ roots of Georgia’s competition policy, the Competition Agency regards the case law of the CJEU as having a very important interpretative value for closing ‘gaps’ in the law.

The Impact of the Court of Justice of the European Union on the Legal System of Ukraine

2020 ◽  
pp. 173-198
Author(s):  
Roman Petrov
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Case Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Association Agreement ◽  
Legal Reforms ◽  
Effective Implementation ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
Integration Project ◽  
The Eu

This contribution looks at the application of EU case law by the Ukrainian judiciary in the course of implementation of the EU–Ukraine Association Agreement, which triggered unprecedented political, economic, and legal reforms in Ukraine. Several issues form the focus of consideration in the chapter. The first issue is the evolution of EU–Ukraine relations and reform of the Ukrainian legal system and judiciary in the course of the ‘Europeanization’ of Ukraine since its independence in 1991. The second issue is effective implementation and application of the EU–Ukraine Association Agreement within the Ukrainian legal order and its compatibility with the Ukrainian Constitution. The latest political and legal developments in Ukraine are analysed through the prism of effective implementation of the EU–Ukraine Association Agreement and the rise of pro-European reforms of the Ukrainian judiciary since the ‘Maidan Revolution’/‘Revolution of Dignity’ in 2014. In conclusion, it is argued that the EU–Ukraine Association Agreement enhanced the adaptability of the national constitutional order to the European integration project and reinvigorated judicial activism by Ukrainian judges to refer to the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU).

Transparency and Clear Legal Language in the European Union: Ambiguous Legislative Texts, Laconic Pronouncements and the Credibility of the Judicial System

2010 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 409-423
Author(s):  
Eleanor Sharpston
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Judicial System ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Legal Language ◽  
Cultural Backgrounds ◽  
National Courts ◽  
Court Of Justice

Abstract The legal system of the European Union generates particular problems of opacity and lack of clarity. This chapter seeks to identify some of the causes of those problems. First, the nature of the texts with which the Court of Justice deals—’Union legislation’, orders for references from national courts and submissions to the Court—is examined. Problems here include the multi-lingual and multi-cultural backgrounds of those involved in the process, vagueness in legislative drafting and lack of clarity in references and submissions placed before the Court. Secondly, the Court’s own judgments and the opinions of its Advocates General are considered. Problems here include the factors governing the drafting of a single consensus judgment and the fact that it is not always easy to strike the correct balance between speed and quality. Lastly, a number of suggestions for change are offered. The obstacles are not insuperable and improvements can be made.

7. Framework for enforcement

2020 ◽  
pp. 183-190
Author(s):  
Marios Costa ◽  
Steve Peers
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Effective Protection ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
System P ◽  
National Legal System ◽  
The Eu

This chapter outlines the framework for enforcement of European Union (EU) law, and describes the various actions that may be brought before the Court of Justice (CJ). In interpreting the relevant provisions of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), the CJ has played a key role in the enforcement of EU law especially with its insistence on the effective protection of individuals’ Union rights. The chapter also explains the significance of judicial review in the EU legal order by focusing on the jurisdiction of the CJ in the appeal cases originating from the General Court (GC). Finally, the chapter outlines how questions of infringement of EU law can also be raised in the national legal system.

The Impact of the Court of Justice of the European Union on the Israeli Legal System

2020 ◽  
pp. 265-304
Author(s):  
Arie Reich
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Competition Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Coding System ◽  
Association Agreement ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
System P ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

This chapter presents the findings of the author on the impact of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) on the Israeli legal system. After a short description of the Israeli legal system and its judiciary, including figures on the use of foreign legal sources by the courts, the chapter describes briefly the relations between the EU and Israel and notes the weak legal approximation provision in the Association Agreement. Despite the lack of obligation on Israel’s part to rely on CJEU judgments, the author has found steadily growing numbers of citations of these judgments by various Israeli courts and tribunals. The chapter presents the statistics of these citations over the years, the types of tribunals that cite the CJEU, and the fields of law where these citations are mostly found (mainly in trade marks, competition law, and labour law). It also lists the CJEU cases that are most cited by Israeli tribunals. It then assesses the impact of the citations by a coding system that allows us to observe the relative influence that the citations had in the various tribunals. After having presented a statistic overview on the citation patterns, the chapter zooms into some specific cases where the CJEU was cited in order to put the citation into context and better understand its significance. Finally, the chapter discusses instances of CJEU impact on Israeli regulation, not case law, namely in the field of competition law, sports (the Bosman case), and privacy (‘the right to be forgotten’).

Law, Democracy, and the Absent Legislator

2020 ◽  
pp. 193-206
Author(s):  
Philip Sales
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Legal System ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
Normative Content

This chapter comments on the chapters by Eleanor Sharpston and Jeff King, arguing that in different ways they illustrate responses to an underlying problem, when the legislator is not available and on hand to resolve uncertainties or to provide new normative content to address issues which arise. The more absent the legislator, the more courts may feel they have to be active in generating normative content themselves. This is a perspective which helps explain the activity of the Court of Justice of the European Union. The more absent the legislator, the more a legal system has to provide for forms of delegated legislation. This perspective may be relevant in assessing legislative responses to Brexit.

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