scholarly journals Fuelwood Comparison with Other Kinds of Fuel

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
J. Dolacis ◽  
E. Tomsons ◽  
J. Hrols
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Liquid Fuel ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Fuel Wood ◽  
Total Consumption ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Dry Wood

A part of Latvia’s forest resources, namely, branches, stumps, small stump top ends, firewood, slabs, sawdust, etc. remains unutilised both in the felling sites and woodworking plants. All this can be successfully utilised for production of heat energy, thereby replacing a part of the imported natural gas, coal and liquid fuel. To assess the utilisation of a definite type of primary energy, not only its accessibility and costs, but also calorific value should be known. The rational utilisation of energy resources in Latvia is urgent, since less than 30% from the consumption is obtained in this country. Thus, in 2000, the Latvia’s energy balance showed the total consumption of different types of primary energy resources to be 159 145 TJ (T = 1012). Utilising firewood, woodworking waste and chips, 34 250 TJ of energy was produced, or 21.5 % from the total primary energy consumed in Latvia. In the present study, fuel wood is compared with other types of fuel. If the equivalent value of one ton of coal (tce) is 29.308 MJ/kg, then the calorific value of natural gas and dry wood is 1.507 and 0.644, respectively. If 18.883 MJ of heat is obtained from 1 kg of oven dry wood, then 1.3 kg of wood with the relative moisture (Wr) content 20% and about 2.0 kg of freshly cut wood are necessary. To replace 1 ton of sawdust pellets or granules, 2.44 steres of birch firewood with the moisture content Wr = 20% or 2.63 steres with Wr = 40% are necessary. The above-mentioned amount of pellets or granules can be replaced by 3.47 steres of spruce firewood with Wr = 20% or 3.76 steres with Wr = 40%. The production of 1 kWh of heat from natural gas yields 0.224 kg of carbon dioxide, but in the case of fully combusted wood, from 0.35 to 0.4 kg of carbon dioxide.

Efficiency of Advanced Ground Transportation Technologies

2002 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Kreith ◽  
Ron E. West ◽  
Beth E. Isler
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽  
Fuel Cycle ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Fuel Production ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Transportation Technologies ◽  
Methanol Fuel Cell

This paper presents thermodynamic analyses of ten different scenarios for using natural gas to power motor vehicles. Specifically, it presents a comparison between different types of automotive vehicles using fuels made from natural gas feedstock. In comparing the various fuel-vehicle options, a complete well-to-wheel fuel cycle is considered. This approach starts with the well at which the feedstock is first extracted from the ground and ends with the power finally delivered to the wheels of the vehicle. This all-inclusive comparison is essential in order to accurately and fairly compare the transportation options. This study indicates that at the present time hybrid-electric vehicles, particularly those using diesel components, can achieve the highest efficiency among available technologies using natural gas as the primary energy source. Hydrogen spark ignition, all-electric battery-powered, and methanol fuel cell vehicles rank lowest in well-to-wheel efficiency because of their poor fuel production efficiencies.

Power System for Beautiful China

2021 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 14-21
Author(s):  
Vladimir P. Polevanov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Power System ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Primary Energy Consumption ◽  
Leading Position

The growth in primary energy consumption in 2019 by 1.3% was provided by renewable energy sources and natural gas, which together provided 75% of the increase. China in the period 2010–2020 held a leading position in the growth of demand for energy resources, but according to forecasts, India will join it in the current decade.

Improving Biogas Quality through Circulated Water Scrubbing Method

2015 ◽  
Vol 776 ◽  
pp. 443-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendry Sakke Tira ◽  
Yesung Allo Padang ◽  
Mirmanto ◽  
Hendriono
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Volumetric Flow Rate ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Dissolve Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Biogas Purification

The dependence of human being on fossil fuels has decreased significantly the conventional energy resources. To overcome this problem it is required alternative substitute fuels which are cheap and accessible which biogas is one of the fuels. Nevertheless, the use of biogas has not yet been maximized because of the low calorific value which is produced from the process without purification. The circulated water absorption method is one mean of effective biogas purification. Under this method it is expected to increase the level of methane (CH4) and to reduce both the level of carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). In order to obtain the aim, the research was carried out under variations of water and biogas volumetric flow rate. The results show that the highest quality of biogas produced was under the variation of water volumetric flow rate of 15 lt/min with biogas volumetric flow rate of 1 lt/min which increased the level of methane (CH4) from 59.36 % to 62.8 % and decreased the carbon dioxide (CO2) content from 33.53 % to 26.8 %, and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from 208.33 to 86 ppm. Lower biogas and water volumetric rates allowed longer contact between biogas molecule and absorbent. This resulted in an opportunity for absorbent more active to dissolve carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide in biogas. These compounds then flowed outward of the scrubbing unit along with the absorbent. The research proved that the raw biogas purification by circulated water scrubbing method was an effective mean in enhancing the quality of biogas.

scholarly journals Greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption in asphalt plants

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. e7
Author(s):  
Maicon Basso dos Santos ◽  
Jefferson Candido ◽  
Sofia De Souza Baulé ◽  
Yuri Mello Müller de Oliveira ◽  
Liseane Padilha Thives
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Asphalt Mixture ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Batch Type ◽  
Measurement Protocol

Hot-mix asphalt used in pavement layers is produced by asphalt plants. In Brazil, despite the fact that these industrial units produce greenhouse gases, no control or measurement protocol has yet been established. This study aims to quantify emissions in different asphalt plants, in terms of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2eq) and energy consumption. Asphalt plants were selected according to their type (batch or drum mix); production capacity (80 to 340 t/h), and whether mobile or fixed. In each plant, emissions were quantified and the energy consumption spent on drying and heating aggregates in the dryer drum was evaluated. The fuels used in the drier drum such as low pour point (LPP) oil, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and natural gas (NG) were evaluated and compared. The methodology consisted of surveying the thermal power of the dryer drum specified on the suppliers' catalog to calculate the volume of fuel required per ton of asphalt mixture produced. Based on the criterion of the lower calorific value of each fuel, the volume of fuel used was calculated according to the production of the asphalt plants. Through the GHC protocol tool, the quantification of emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) gases was obtained, and then transformed into CO2eq emissions. As a result, lower energy consumption was observed in the mobile batch plants and higher consumption in the mobile counterflow drum mix plants. On average, 27.69% less energy per ton of processed aggregate was needed compared to the mobile counterflow plants. The use of natural gas in the dryer drum and for all plant models was the least emissive fuel. The results showed that for the mobile batch type with a capacity of 140 t/h, the emission was 13.62 kg of CO2eq / t. On the other hand, with the mobile counterflow type with a capacity of 200 t/h, 13.64 kg of CO2eq/t was produced. Finally, with the fixed counterflow type with a production capacity of 240 t/h and 300 t/h, emissions of 13.67 kg of CO2eq/t were obtained. Through this study, the mobile batch plant with a capacity of 140 t/h using natural gas showed the least environmental impact. When natural gas was used, this model obtained energy consumption and emissions 54.5% lower than the mobile counterflow model with a capacity of 50 t/h which showed the worst environmental performance.

Risk and Reliability Analyses for Innovative LNG Offshore Floating Units

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Benyessaad ◽  
Diane Ruf
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Hazard Assessment ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Reliability Engineering ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Offshore Industry

The development of the Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) offshore industry is viewed as a major improvement in the exploitation of the world’s energy resources. Most energy analysts agree that significant increases in Natural Gas (NG) demand is expected in the next decades due to relatively low prices and an important gas quantity worldwide. In order to develop the use of this resource, many innovative offshore floating installations have been developed and are currently deployed all over the world. However, hazards linked to LNG and due to hydrocarbon releases are not always so well understood or controlled. Thus, in order to quantify and understand these risks associated to LNG treatment or containment as well as their consequences, a number of different types of risk and reliability engineering techniques can be used at different stages of the project. The following will present specific analyses that have been performed on innovative LNG Offshore floating units to provide a qualitative and quantitative hazard assessment by predicting the consequences and the frequencies of these hazards, while improving the reliability of the installation and its availability. The paper will first introduce the LNG offshore industry outlining the different installations possibilities and the associated hazards. Then, based on recent projects, it will detail the risk-based methodology applied to ensure the safety and the profitability of such innovative installations when no rules are able to frame fully the development of these projects. Finally, after having pointed out the ins and outs of risk studies, a case study using most of the methods presented previously will be developed.

scholarly journals Investigation of amine based carbon-dioxide and hydrogen-sulphide separation technologies for biogases

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-122
Author(s):  
Zsuzsanna Szolyák ◽  
István Szunyog
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Anaerobic Fermentation ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Motor Fuel ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Gas Mixture ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The 19Th Century

Biogas has been used since the beginning of the 19th century, which is a gaseous material formed during the anaerobic fermentation of organic substance. It is extremely versatile in its use, it is mostly used to produce heat and electricity, but it can also be used as a motor fuel. To produce these gases we can use organic materials and wastes from agriculture, food industry and communal sector. When the produced biogas is utilized, less CO2 is released into the environment than with other primary energy sources, it has zero emissions for the whole “carbon cycle” and can therefore be considered positive. The calorific value of biogas is much lower than in the case of natural gas, however, we can increase the energy content by compression and decarbonisation, which can even produce a biomethane which can be equivalent to natural gas. Depending on the feedstock, the methane content of the biogas can change over a very wide range, and the gas mixture can also contain other gases and water vapor. Thus, in order to improve these parameters, undesirable components must be removed from the gas. Several methods can be used to remove unwanted components of the biogas, however, this study focuses exclusively on amino purification technology.

scholarly journals Prospects for the Development of Primary Energy Markets in the Asia-Pacific Region: The Potential Place for Russian Resources

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-53
Author(s):  
Olga Dyomina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
Asia Pacific Region ◽  
Coal Market ◽  
Gas Market ◽  
The Republic

The current situation in the oil, natural gas and coal markets in the Asia-Pacific region has been analyzed by the author. It is shown that the potential for increasing the share of Russian energy resources may be due to the redistribution of the shares of the main suppliers as oil imports diversify, primarily in Japan and the Republic of Korea; in the natural gas market – increasing the volume of pipeline supplies of natural gas to China in accordance with the current long-term contract and the redistribution of Indonesia’s share in the market; in the coal market – the redistribution of Indonesia’s share due to the advantages in coal quality. Price and infrastructure constraints for increasing the supply of Russian energy resources to the Asia-Pacific region have been noted, too

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