scholarly journals Teaching tolerance for delay of reinforcement to reduce a tangibly motivated behavior

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie A. Orman
Keyword(s):  
Motivated Behavior ◽  
Delay Of Reinforcement ◽  
Teaching Tolerance ◽  
Tolerance For Delay

Review of Psychopharmacology of aversively motivated behavior.

1979 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 531-532
Author(s):  
PHILIP M. GROVES
Keyword(s):  
Motivated Behavior

Delay of Reinforcement Effects: Timing of Reinforcement or Narrow Goal-Box Confinement

2000 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 988-990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard S. Calef ◽  
Michael C. Choban ◽  
Katherine R. Glenney ◽  
Ruth A. Calef ◽  
Julie N. Godbey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Present Experiment ◽  
Delay Of Reinforcement

The present experiment investigated whether narrow goal-box confinement in studies of delay of reinforcement in the runway may have had aversive or punishing effects. Analysis showed no difference in performance between groups of rats who were either confined in a narrow goal-box or a large compartment while receiving their delay of reinforcement. The results suggest that narrow goal-box confinement does not have aversive characteristics.

scholarly journals Noradrenergic correlates of chronic cocaine craving: neuromelanin and functional brain imaging

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wuyi Wang ◽  
Simon Zhornitsky ◽  
Sheng Zhang ◽  
Chiang-shan R. Li
Keyword(s):  
Functional Brain Imaging ◽  
Cocaine Exposure ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Motivated Behavior ◽  
Chronic Cocaine ◽  
Cocaine Craving ◽  
Lc Circuit ◽  
Psychophysiological Interaction ◽  
Subcortical Regions

AbstractPreclinical studies have implicated noradrenergic (NA) dysfunction in cocaine addiction. In particular, the NA system plays a central role in motivated behavior and may partake in the regulation of craving and drug use. Yet, human studies of the NA system are scarce, likely hampered by the difficulty in precisely localizing the locus coeruleus (LC). Here, we used neuromelanin imaging to localize the LC and quantified LC neuromelanin signal (NMS) intensity in 44 current cocaine users (CU; 37 men) and 59 nondrug users (NU; 44 men). We also employed fMRI to investigate cue-induced regional responses and LC functional connectivities, as quantified by generalized psychophysiological interaction (gPPI), in CU. Imaging data were processed by published routines and the findings were evaluated with a corrected threshold. We examined how these neural measures were associated with chronic cocaine craving, as assessed by the Cocaine Craving Questionnaire (CCQ). Compared to NU, CU demonstrated higher LC NMS for all probabilistic thresholds defined of 50–90% of the peak. In contrast, NMS of the ventral tegmental area/substantia nigra (VTA/SN) did not show significant group differences. Drug as compared to neutral cues elicited higher activations of many cortical and subcortical regions, none of which were significantly correlated with CCQ score. Drug vs. neutral cues also elicited “deactivation” of bilateral parahippocampal gyri (PHG) and PHG gPPI with a wide array of cortical and subcortical regions, including the ventral striatum and, with small volume correction, the LC. Less deactivation of the PHG (r = 0.40, p = 0.008) and higher PHG-LC gPPI (r = 0.44, p = 0.003) were positively correlated with the CCQ score. In contrast, PHG-VTA/SN connectivity did not correlate with the CCQ score. Together, chronic cocaine exposure may induce higher NMS intensity, suggesting neurotoxic effects on the LC. The correlation of cue-elicited PHG LC connectivity with CCQ score suggests a noradrenergic correlate of chronic cocaine craving. Potentially compensating for memory functions as in neurodegenerative conditions, cue-elicited PHG LC circuit connectivity plays an ill-adaptive role in supporting cocaine craving.

scholarly journals Hippocampal regenerative medicine: neurogenic implications for addiction and mental disorders

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Peyton ◽  
Alfredo Oliveros ◽  
Doo-Sup Choi ◽  
Mi-Hyeon Jang
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
General Population ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Neural Circuitry ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Disease ◽  
Motivated Behavior

AbstractPsychiatric illness is a prevalent and highly debilitating disorder, and more than 50% of the general population in both middle- and high-income countries experience at least one psychiatric disorder at some point in their lives. As we continue to learn how pervasive psychiatric episodes are in society, we must acknowledge that psychiatric disorders are not solely relegated to a small group of predisposed individuals but rather occur in significant portions of all societal groups. Several distinct brain regions have been implicated in neuropsychiatric disease. These brain regions include corticolimbic structures, which regulate executive function and decision making (e.g., the prefrontal cortex), as well as striatal subregions known to control motivated behavior under normal and stressful conditions. Importantly, the corticolimbic neural circuitry includes the hippocampus, a critical brain structure that sends projections to both the cortex and striatum to coordinate learning, memory, and mood. In this review, we will discuss past and recent discoveries of how neurobiological processes in the hippocampus and corticolimbic structures work in concert to control executive function, memory, and mood in the context of mental disorders.

How Might One Live? A Social Theory of Human Motivated Behavior

Human Arenas ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jassem Fathabadi ◽  
Azar Hosseini Fatemi ◽  
Reza Pishghadam
Keyword(s):  
Social Theory ◽  
Motivated Behavior
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