scholarly journals Spina Bifida Myelomeningocele: The Brain and Neuropsychological Outcomes

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
J.M. Fletcher ◽  
J. Juranek
Keyword(s):  
Spina Bifida ◽  
Early Interventions ◽  
Secondary Effects ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Cognitive Phenotype ◽  
Brain Malformations ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Congenital Birth Defect ◽  
The Brain

This paper reviews the physical, neural, and cognitive phenotypes of spina bifida myelomeningocele (SBM), a non-lethal neural tube defect that is the most common congenital birth defect affecting the central nervous system. After reviewing the physical and neural phenotypes, we explain how these variations affect in a principled manner variation in the cognitive phenotype of SBM. The cognitive phenotype represents a modal profile with strengths in associative, rule-based learning and weaknesses in assembled, integrative processes. This phenotype is related to core deficits in timing, attention, and movement that arise early in development because of brain malformations involving the cerebellum, midbrain, and corpus callosum. The variability of outcomes in SBM is also related to the level of spinal cord lesion, secondary effects of hydrocephalus and its treatment, and the psychosocial environment. Early interventions and comprehensive interventions that take advantage of our understanding of the modal cognitive phenotype modal profile and the variations that occur are important in helping people with SBM maximize their cognitive development, adaptive functions, and quality of life.

Depression and Inflammatory Markers in Veterans With Multiple Sclerosis

2021 ◽  
pp. 109980042110500
Author(s):  
Pamela Newland ◽  
Yelyzaveta Basan ◽  
Ling Chen ◽  
Gregory Wu
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
The United States ◽  
Biological Mechanisms ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Multiple sclerosis (MS), an inflammatory neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS), afflicts over one per thousand people in the United States. The pathology of MS typically involves lesions in several regions, including the brain and spinal cord. The manifestation of MS is variable and carries great potential to negatively impact quality of life (QOL). Evidence that inflammatory markers are related to depression in MS is accumulating. However, there are barriers in precisely identifying the biological mechanisms underlying depression and inflammation. Analysis of cytokines provides one promising approach for understanding the mechanisms that may contribute to MS symptoms. Methods: In this pilot study, we measured salivary levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1beta (β), and IL-10 in 24 veterans with MS. Descriptive statistics were reported and Pearson correlation coefficients were obtained between cytokines and depression. Results: The anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was significantly negatively associated with depression in veterans with MS (r = −0.47, p = .024). Conclusion: Cytokines may be useful for elucidating biological mechanisms associated with the depression and a measure for nurses caring for veterans with MS.

Intake of Anti-Epileptic Drugs and their Influences on Sexual Dysfunctions

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roheela Yasmeen ◽  
Nida Mobeen ◽  
Muhammad Amjad Khan ◽  
Irfan Aslam ◽  
Samia Chaudhry
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Sexual Dysfunction ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Penile Erection ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Psychiatric Problems

Epilepsy which is also called seizures disorder is an uncontrolled action of the central nervous system. Itis not a single disease but a set of neurological disorders. Actually in this situation, the brain does notreceive a precise signal and as a result an abnormal condition is produced that is usually involuntary inaction. In this review, we aimed to focus on the relationship of anti-epileptic drugs with sexual dysfunctionand adaptation of better remedies that improve a patient’s family life. Sexual dysfunction is a commoncomorbidity in people with epilepsy which badly affects their quality of life. Sexual dysfunction is causedby different factors like psychiatric problems, anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) and social factors etc. Sexualdysfunctions include ejaculatory failure, lessen libido, penile erection in men and irregular menstrual cyclein women. Common drugs such as Topiramate, Gabapentin (GBP), Valproate (VA), Carbamazepine (CBZ),Olanzapine (OL) and Risperidone (RTG) that are in practice to treat epilepsy usually produced adverseeffect on sexual dysfunction. Even though a lot of studies have been carried out to control sexualdysfunction in epilepsy’s patient, but still research is going on. Medicine such as Cyproheptadine,Mianserin, Buspirone, Yohimbine were found better to treat epilepsy with minimum side effects of sexualdysfunction. Moreover, it is also seen that certain vasodilators, folate , and vitamin supplements areeffective in improving the quality of life.

scholarly journals The Role of Adrenoceptors in the Retina

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 2594
Author(s):  
Yue Ruan ◽  
Tobias Böhmer ◽  
Subao Jiang ◽  
Adrian Gericke
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Vision Loss ◽  
Retinal Diseases ◽  
System A ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

The retina is a part of the central nervous system, a thin multilayer with neuronal lamination, responsible for detecting, preprocessing, and sending visual information to the brain. Many retinal diseases are characterized by hemodynamic perturbations and neurodegeneration leading to vision loss and reduced quality of life. Since catecholamines and respective bindings sites have been characterized in the retina, we systematically reviewed the literature with regard to retinal expression, distribution and function of alpha1 (α1)-, alpha2 (α2)-, and beta (β)-adrenoceptors (ARs). Moreover, we discuss the role of the individual adrenoceptors as targets for the treatment of retinal diseases.

scholarly journals Mechanismen genetischer Epilepsien

e-Neuroforum ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrike Hedrich ◽  
Snezana Maljevic ◽  
Holger Lerche
Keyword(s):  
Ion Channels ◽  
Secondary Effects ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Neuronal Populations ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
The Common ◽  
Genetic Epilepsies ◽  
Idiopathic Epilepsies ◽  
The Brain

AbstractMechanisms of genetic epilepsies. Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders. Already at the time of Hippocrates (460 - 370 BC) it was reported on as the “holy disease” (Fröscher 2004). Today it is known that an epileptic seizure is a consequence of synchronous discharges of neuronal populations in the brain, which abruptly and usually without an observ­able cause evoke involuntary behavioural dysfunction or impaired consciousness. Epilepsies can have various causes and lead to extensive implications for the everyday life of affected patients. Up to 50 % of all epilepsies are caused by genetic defects, in particular the so-called idiopathic epilepsies which occur without easily observable structural alterations of the brain. Genetically caused dysfunctions of neuronal ion channels play a central role in the formation of such epilepsies. The ion channels control the ion flux over the cell membrane of neurons and thus present the basis for the excitability of these neurons. Therefore, medications used for epilepsy treatment affect predominantly ion channels. However, the common anticonvulsants have limited success, not only because one third of epilepsy patients exhibits pharmacoresistance, but also because of the secondary effects which can dramatically affect their quality of life. Furthermore, current therapeutic approaches are mainly symptomatic and do not act on the epileptogenic mechanisms which are still largely unknown. In this review article we will highlight the current main topics of our research on genetically caused epilepsies, their pathomechanisms and therapeutic options.

scholarly journals Molecular Regulation of Striatal Development: A Review

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Evans ◽  
C. M. Kelly ◽  
S. V. Precious ◽  
A. E. Rosser
Keyword(s):  
Complex Function ◽  
Dorsal Striatum ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
The Body ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
New Information ◽  
Brain Malformations ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

The central nervous system is composed of the brain and the spinal cord. The brain is a complex organ that processes and coordinates activities of the body in bilaterian, higher-order animals. The development of the brain mirrors its complex function as it requires intricate genetic signalling at specific times, and deviations from this can lead to brain malformations such as anencephaly. Research into how the CNS is specified and patterned has been studied extensively in chick, fish, frog, and mice, but findings from the latter will be emphasised here as higher-order mammals show most similarity to the human brain. Specifically, we will focus on the embryonic development of an important forebrain structure, the striatum (also known as the dorsal striatum or neostriatum). Over the past decade, research on striatal development in mice has led to an influx of new information about the genes involved, but the precise orchestration between the genes, signalling molecules, and transcription factors remains unanswered. We aim to summarise what is known to date about the tightly controlled network of interacting genes that control striatal development. This paper will discuss early telencephalon patterning and dorsal ventral patterning with specific reference to the genes involved in striatal development.

scholarly journals MODERN IMAGING TECHNIGUES IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF BRAIN ALVEOCOCCOSIS(OWN OBSERVATION )

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 97-102
Author(s):  
A V Kholin ◽  
G T Amanbaeva
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Parasitic Disease ◽  
Radiologic Diagnosis ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Mri Study ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Chronic Course ◽  
Extensive Damage

The Brain Alveococcosis is a rare parasitic disease of the central nervous system, caused by the larval stage of the Echinococcus multilocularis. Alveococcus characterized by prolonged chronic course, severe organ and systemic disorders, extensive damage, leading to disability and often to the death of a patient, by the difficulty of diagnosis and surgical treatment. There is brain alveococcosis of the young man living in rural areas of Kyrgyzstan. The radiologic diagnosis methods significantly improve the quality of brain alveococcosis’ diagnosis, thus is a highly MRI study.

HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Letendre ◽  
Jennifer Iudicello ◽  
Beau Ances ◽  
Thomas D. Marcotte ◽  
Serena Spudich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Motor Impairment ◽  
Neurocognitive Disorders ◽  
Neurocognitive Performance ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) enters the central nervous system soon after infection; can infect glia and tissue macrophages in the brain; and can injure neurons, resulting in loss of dendrites. These and other processes underpin a syndrome of cognitive and motor impairment termed HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). This chapter principally focuses on HAND, although delirium and other neurocognitive disorders are also discussed and should remain in the differential diagnosis of cognitive impairment in persons with HIV. A differential diagnosis of cognitive impairment in HIV also includes multimorbid conditions that can influence neurocognitive performance, such as metabolic syndrome, vascular disease, medication toxicity, and substance use disorders. When developing treatment recommendations for HAND, initiation of ART and treatment of multimorbid conditions and other neurocognitive disorders should be prioritized. It is important for clinicians to regularly monitor HIV patients for HAND and other neurocognitive disorders since cognitive impairment can affect activities of daily living; quality of life; adherence to risk reduction, medical care, and medication; and survival.

Nanotechnology Approaches for Enhanced CNS Drug Delivery in the Management of Schizophrenia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajalakshmi R ◽  
Krishnakumar N Menon ◽  
Sreeja C Nair
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Targeted Drug Delivery ◽  
Symptomatic Relief ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Visual Hallucinations ◽  
Cns Drug Delivery ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Schizophrenia is a neuropsychiatric disorder mainly affecting the central nervous system, presented with auditory and visual hallucinations, delusion and withdrawal from society. Abnormal dopamine levels mainly characterise the disease; various theories of neurotransmitters explain the pathophysiology of the disease. The current therapeutic approach deals with the systemic administration of drugs other than the enteral route, altering the neurotransmitter levels within the brain and providing symptomatic relief. Fluid biomarkers help in the early detection of the disease, which would improve the therapeutic efficacy. However, the major challenge faced in CNS drug delivery is the blood-brain barrier. Nanotherapeutic approaches may overcome these limitations, which will improve safety, efficacy, and targeted drug delivery. This review article addresses the main challenges faced in CNS drug delivery and the significance of current therapeutic strategies and nanotherapeutic approaches for a better understanding and enhanced drug delivery to the brain, which improve the quality of life of schizophrenia patients.

Endometriose en pijn: een overzicht met argumentatie voor een individuele en multidisciplinaire aanpak

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. JACQUEMYN ◽  
C. DE BRUYN ◽  
A. VAN HOYWEGHEN ◽  
S. VAN DEN BROECK ◽  
A. DIERICK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Surgical Removal ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Dedicated Team ◽  
Receptor Modulators ◽  
The Brain

Endometriosis and pain: an overview with arguments for an individual and multidisciplinary approach This article provides a narrative overview of endometriosis-related pain. Pain due to endometriosis affects quality of life with an impact on professional, social, family and sexual functioning. Both neuropathic and inflammatory mechanisms are at the root of the pain, which is further modulated via central sensitization in the brain. Chronic pain due to endometriosis is associated with morphological changes in pain-processing areas of the central nervous system. These data reinforce the need to frame endometriosis therapy in a much broader sense than just local surgical removal and (hormonal) suppression. Both the diagnosis and the therapy of endometriosis benefit from a multidisciplinary and dedicated team. The literature on the treatment of endometriosis-related pain is characterized by large gaps, there are only a few prospective randomized or placebo-controlled studies. In addition to surgery, estrogestin combinations, progestogens alone, GnRH agonists and antagonists, aromatase inhibitors, selective estrogen and/or progestogen receptor modulators, NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), psychotherapy and physiotherapy can be used. Except for acupuncture, there are no good comparative studies on alternative treatments, like for example certain nutritional supplements, cannabis, osteopathy and other alternatives. In view of the interdependence of pain complaints in endometriosis patients and its effects on their social and personal experience and functioning, the approach must be based on a patient-oriented program, adapted to the personal needs and preferences of the patient. A multidisciplinary approach with a policy based on the needs and expectations of the patient can be an added value.

Mechanisms of genetic epilepsies

e-Neuroforum ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Hedrich ◽  
S. Maljevic ◽  
H. Lerche
Keyword(s):  
Ion Channels ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Secondary Effects ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Structural Alterations ◽  
Neuronal Populations ◽  
Limited Success ◽  
Genetic Epilepsies ◽  
The Brain

AbstractEpilepsy is one of the most common neuro­logical disorders. As early as the time of Hip­pocrates (460-370 BC), it was reported on as the “holy disease”. Today it is known that an epileptic seizure is a consequence of synchro­nous discharges of neuronal populations in the brain, which abruptly and usually without an observable cause evoke involuntary be­havioural dysfunction or impaired conscious­ness. Epilepsies can have various causes and lead to extensive implications for the every­day life of affected patients. Up to 50% of all epilepsies are caused by genetic defects, in particular the so-called idiopathic epilep­sies, which occur without easily observable structural alterations in the brain. Genetical­ly caused dysfunctions of neuronal ion chan­nels play a central role in the formation of such epilepsies. The ion channels control the ion flux over the cell membrane of neurons and thus present the basis for the excitabili­ty of these neurons. Therefore, medications used in epilepsy treatment affect predomi­nantly ion channels. However, common an­ticonvulsants have limited success, not only because one third of epilepsy patients exhibit pharmacoresistance, but also because of the secondary effects which can dramatically af­fect their quality of life. Furthermore, current therapeutic approaches are mainly symp­tomatic and do not act on the epileptogenic mechanisms, which are still largely unknown. In this review article we will highlight the cur­rent main topics of our research on genetical­ly caused epilepsies, their pathomechanisms and therapeutic options.

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