scholarly journals Peculiarities of perception (visual gnosis) and thinking in patients with schizotypal disorder

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-110
Author(s):  
Yu. Simon ◽  
A. Bizyuk ◽  
E. Isaeva ◽  
I.I. Shoshina ◽  
Yu. Mukhitova
Keyword(s):  
Social Intelligence ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Voluntary Attention ◽  
Logical Connection ◽  
Complex Image ◽  
Cognitive Pattern ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
Schizotypal Disorder

The article deals with the peculiarities of perception (visual gnosis) and thinking in patients with schizotypal disorder. A cognitive pattern of perception, characteristics of voluntary attention and changes in the mental domain in patients with this pathology were described. 45 people suffering from schizotypal disorder (F21 for ICD-10) were examined, including 27 men and 18 women, the average age was 22.06 ± 1.31 years. Control group was the group of university students (30 people) 14 of them men and 16 women, the average age was 21.03 ± 0.9 years, controlshad not suffered from any mental and chronic physical illnesses. Following patho- and neuropsychological techniques were used: figures of Poppelreuter, method «Non-completed images»; «Elimination of excess», Guildford’s test «Social intelligence», Subtest No. 2 of «Group expression», TMT (Trail Making Test, parts A and B). The results have revealed that the visual perception of the patients with schizotypal disorder is disturbed at every stage of visual gnosis, disturbances appear evidently at the stages of formation of a complex image and its further correlation with pattern samples from memory. It has been shown that in patients with schizotypal disorder, the process of internal logical connection between statements is disrupted, as a result, the act of perceptual nomination changes.

scholarly journals How does a 4-week motor–cognitive training affect choice reaction, dynamic balance and cognitive performance ability? A randomized controlled trial in well-trained, young, healthy participants

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 205031211987002
Author(s):  
Daniel Niederer ◽  
Ulrike Plaumann ◽  
Tanja Seitz ◽  
Franziska Wallner ◽  
Jan Wilke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Training ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Time To Stabilization ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
Active Adults

Background: We aimed to investigate the potential effects of a 4-week motor–cognitive dual-task training on cognitive and motor function as well as exercise motivation in young, healthy, and active adults. Methods: A total of 26 participants (age 25 ± 2 years; 10 women) were randomly allocated to either the intervention group or a control group. The intervention group performed a motor–cognitive training (3×/week), while the participants of the control group received no intervention. Before and after the intervention period of 4 weeks, all participants underwent cognitive (d2-test, Trail Making Test) and motor (lower-body choice reaction test and time to stabilization test) assessments. Following each of the 12 workouts, self-reported assessments (rating of perceived exertion, enjoyment and pleasant anticipation of the next training session) were done. Analyses of covariances and 95% confidence intervals plotting for between group and time effects were performed. Results: Data from 24 participants were analysed. No pre- to post-intervention improvement nor a between-group difference regarding motor outcomes (choice-reaction: F = 0.5; time to stabilization test: F = 0.7; p > 0.05) occurred. No significant training-induced changes were found in the cognitive tests (D2: F = 0.02; Trail Making Test A: F = 0.24; Trail Making Test B: F = 0.002; p > 0.05). Both enjoyment and anticipation of the next workout were rated as high. Discussion: The neuro-motor training appears to have no significant effects on motor and cognitive function in healthy, young and physically active adults. This might be explained in part by the participants’ very high motor and cognitive abilities, the comparably low training intensity or the programme duration. The high degree of exercise enjoyment, however, may qualify the training as a facilitator to initiate and maintain regular physical activity. The moderate to vigorous intensity levels further point towards potential health-enhancing cardiorespiratory effects.

scholarly journals Executive attention and working memory in narcoleptic outpatients

2012 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 335-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirleny Moraes ◽  
Sueli Rossini ◽  
Rubens Reimão
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Excessive Daytime Sleepiness ◽  
Daytime Sleepiness ◽  
Brazilian Portuguese ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Executive Attention ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
Normal Controls

OBJECTIVE: This pioneering study aimed to evaluate executive attention and working memory in Brazilian narcoleptic outpatients. METHODS: Narcoleptic group: 19 treated narcoleptic outpatients (13 F; 6 M) (mean age=37.58; SD = 8.93); control group: 19 subjects (15 F; 4 M) (mean age=34.42; SD=12.31). INSTRUMENTS: Epworth Sleepiness Scale - Brazilian Portuguese Version (ESS-BR), Victoria Stroop Test (VST), Trail Making Test (TMT) and Letter-Number Sequencing (LNS) of WAIS-III. RESULTS: Significant difference at Excessive Daytime Sleepiness (EDS) (p<0.001) and at working memory (p=0.009) with worse results for narcoleptic patients. Patients were slower at VST-1 (p=0.002), VST-2 (p=0.045) and at TMT-A (p=0.016), TMT-B (p=0.006) and B-A (p=0.024). CONCLUSION: Narcoleptic patients showed higher degrees of EDS, an impaired executive attention at a temporal level and lower performance in working memory when compared to normal controls.

scholarly journals Cognitive and emotional impairment in patients with migraine and signs of leukoencephalopathy during preventive therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
K. A. Pozhidaev ◽  
V. A. Parfenov
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Disorders ◽  
Recall Test ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Preventive Treatment ◽  
Preventive Therapy ◽  
Word Recall ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
Moca Score

Patients with migraine and signs of leukoencephalopathy are frequently found to have cognitive impairment (CI), the pathogenesis of which is not entirely clear. The dynamics of CI in these patients during preventive therapy has been little studied.Patients and methods. A six-month follow-up study was conducted in 50 patients (8 men and 42 women; mean age, 41.9±11.9 years) with migraine (mainly chronic one) and signs of cerebral leukoencephalopathy according to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A control group consisted of 40 healthy individuals (13 males and 27 females) aged 20 to 64 years (mean age, 42.6±12.0 years). Neuropsychological examinations (the 12-word recall test; the test of literal and categorical associations; the Benton visual retention test, the Munsterberg test; the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), the trail making test; the forward and backward digit recall test; the digit-symbol coding test; and the Stroop color test) and studies of emotional disorders (the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D); the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the Spielberger-Khanin Scale) were performed at baseline, and at 3 and 6 months of preventive therapy for migraine.Results and discussion. The patients with migraine versus the control group were observed to have lower scores of the MoCA (p=0.004), the 12- word recall test (p=0.0003), and the tests of literal (p=0.001) and categorical (p=0.0002) associations. No significant relationship was found between the volume of MRI cerebral white matter lesions and the severity of CI. There was a moderate inverse correlation (correlation coefficient R=-0.41) between the number of headache (HA) days per month and the MoCA score (p<0.05). The patients with migraine were found to have the signs of depression on the Hospital Depression Scale (p=0.04), the BDI (p=0.003), and the CES-D Scale (p=0.0001) and increased anxiety on the HADS (p=0. 0001) and the Spielberger–Khanin Scale (p=0.0001). There was a significant association between the degree of depression and the MoCA score (p=0.007). During 6-month preventive therapy, there was a decline in the incidence of HA from 19.4±2.9 to 12.6±4.4 days per month (p<0.05), a significant reduction in the severity of emotional disorders, and an improvement in cognitive functions by most neuropsychological tests (the MoCA, the 12-word recall test, the Munsterberg test, and the trail making test Part B) compared to the baseline data.Conclusion. During preventive treatment for migraine, there was a reduction in the frequency of HA attacks and in the severity of emotional and cognitive impairment. The preventive treatment of migraine and related emotional disorders seems to be the most effective way to improve cognitive functions.

scholarly journals Cognition and interpersonal coordination of patients with schizophrenia who have sports habits

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. e0241863
Author(s):  
Keisuke Fujii ◽  
Yujiro Yoshihara ◽  
Yukiko Matsumoto ◽  
Keima Tose ◽  
Hideaki Takeuchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Visual Cognition ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Interpersonal Coordination ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Partial Correlations ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
Figure Test

Team sports activities are effective for improving the negative symptoms and cognitive functions in patients with schizophrenia. However, the interpersonal coordination during the sports and visual cognition of patients with schizophrenia who have team sports habits are unknown. The main objectives of this study were to test two hypotheses: first, patients with schizophrenia perform the skill requiring ball passing and receiving worse than healthy controls; and second, the patients will be impaired in these functionings in accordance with the previous studies regarding schizophrenia in general. Twelve patients with schizophrenia and 15 healthy controls, who had habits in football, participated in this study. The participants performed three conventional cognitive tests and a 3-vs-1 ball possession task to evaluate their interpersonal coordination. The results showed that in the 3-vs-1 possession task, the displacement in the pass angle for the patients was significantly smaller than that for the control. The recall in the complex figure test, the performance in the trail making test, and that in the five-choice reaction task for the patients were worse than those for the control. Moreover, we found the significant partial correlations in the patients between the extradimensional shift error and the pass angle as well as between the time in the trail making test and the displacement in the pass angle, whereas there was no significant correlation in the control group. This study clarified the impaired interpersonal coordination during team sports and the visual cognition of patients with schizophrenia who have team sports habits.

scholarly journals The Impact of Micronutrient Fortified Foods on Cognitive Functioning Among Low-Income Children: A Pilot Study (P18-096-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Cohen ◽  
Kelly Sagar ◽  
M Kathryn Dahlgren ◽  
Eric Rimm ◽  
Staci Gruber
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Fortified Foods ◽  
Afterschool Program ◽  
Low Income Children ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Objectives To examine the association between micronutrient fortified food consumption compared with standard foods and cognitive functioning among low-income children. Methods Low-income children (ages 8–12 years) participating in an afterschool program were recruited for this randomized-controlled trial. At baseline, trained research assistants measured IQ (Shipley-2 Composite Standard Scores) and cognitive functioning (Stroop Color Word Test [Golden Version], Trail Making Test, and Conners Continuous Performance Test [CPT-3]) to evaluate executive functioning, selective attention, and processing speed. Children were then randomly assigned to receive either micronutrient fortified foods (n = 19) or to continue receiving standard foods (n = 16) daily at the afterschool program for approximately three months. The intervention foods contained 75% Daily Value for all essential vitamins and minerals, omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, protein, one cup of milk, and one serving of fruits. The standard foods consisted of juice and primarily processed meats with refined grains. The cognitive tests were re-administered post-implementation. Differences in cognitive scores between the intervention and control groups were assessed using repeated measures ANOVAs and ANCOVAs, adjusting for age Results A total of n = 35 children were eligible to participate and had regular attendance at the afterschool program during the study period. When examining differences between the control and intervention groups over time, the results were suggestive of a trend towards the control group performing worse over time CPT Omissions T-scores (P = 0.10), CPT Hit Reaction Time (HRT) T-scores (P = 0.06), and CPT HRT Block Change T-Score (P = 0.09) compared with the intervention group. However, there was a trend towards worse performance in the intervention group on CPT Perseverations T-Scores (P = 0.07) compared with the control group. There were no significant differences between-groups over time on the Trail Making test or Stroop test Conclusions Overall, there was some evidence of improved cognitive scores over time among low-income children provided with micronutrient fortified foods relative to the control group. It is possible that these nutrient-dense, fortified foods may be cognitively protective in this population and future larger studies should examine these associations Funding Sources This study was funded by an unrestricted gift from the 43ForKids Foundation.

scholarly journals Visual Sequential Search Test Analysis: An Algorithmic Approach

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (22) ◽  
pp. 2952
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Alessio D’Inverno ◽  
Sara Brunetti ◽  
Maria Lucia Sampoli ◽  
Dafin Fior Muresanu ◽  
Alessandra Rufa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Sequential Search ◽  
Chronic Pain Syndrome ◽  
Matching Method ◽  
Test Analysis ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Algorithmic Approach ◽  
Trail Making

In this work we present an algorithmic approach to the analysis of the Visual Sequential Search Test (VSST) based on the episode matching method. The data set included two groups of patients, one with Parkinson’s disease, and another with chronic pain syndrome, along with a control group. The VSST is an eye-tracking modified version of the Trail Making Test (TMT) which evaluates high order cognitive functions. The episode matching method is traditionally used in bioinformatics applications. Here it is used in a different context which helps us to assign a score to a set of patients, under a specific VSST task to perform. Experimental results provide statistical evidence of the different behaviour among different classes of patients, according to different pathologies.

scholarly journals PERBEDAAN SENAM OTAK DAN SENAM POCO-POCO MENINGKATKAN FUNGSI EKSEKUTIF LANSIA: STUDI EKSPERIMENTAL DI PUSAT SANTUNAN KELUARGA

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuliana Yosephine ◽  
Rr Josephine Retno Widayanti ◽  
Yuda Turana
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Test Form ◽  
Brain Gym ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Brain

THE DIFFERENCE OF BRAIN GYM AND POCO-POCO GYMNASTICS IMPROVING EXECUTIVE FUNCTION OF ELDERLY: EXPERIMENTAL STUDY IN PUSAT SANTUNAN KELUARGAABSTRACTIntroduction: The elderly have the risk of experiencing executive dysfunction due to structural and functional changes in neurons and synapses in the prefrontal cortex associated with aging. The brain gym and Poco-poco gymnastics can maintain and improve executive function so that productivity and quality of life of theelderlyremainoptimal.Aim: To find out the difference between the effect of brain gym and Poco-poco gymnastics on improving the executive function of elderly population in Pusat Santunan Keluarga (PUSAKA).Method: The study uses an experimental study with a nonequivalent control group design approach. Sixty elderly respondents were dividedinto the brain gym group (n=30) and the Poco-poco gymnastics group (n=30) in two different PUSAKAs. Each interventions are carried out three times a week for 30 minutes in four weeks. Analysis of the differences in the effect of brain gym and Poco-poco gymnastics on executive function of the elderly based on the mean difference in Oral Trail Making Test Form B (OTMT-B) using the Mann-Whitney test.Result: There was an improvement in the mean duration of completion of OTMT-B after the intervention in the brain gym group and Poco-poco gymnastics group with a significant p<0.05. The difference in mean difference between OTMT-B after the intervention in the Poco-poco gymnastics group was higher than the brain gym group.Discussion: The brain gym and Poco-poco gymnastics can improve the function of the elderly executive function. Improved executive function was more significant in the Poco-poco gymnastics group than the brain gym group.Keyword: Brain gym, elderly, executive function, Oral Trail Making Test Form-B, Poco-poco gymnasticsABSTRAKPendahuluan: Lansia berisiko mengalami gangguan fungsi eksekutif karena perubahan struktural dan fungsional pada neuron dan sinaps di korteks prefrontalis terkait penuaan. Senam otak dan senam Poco-poco dapat mempertahankan dan meningkatkan fungsi eksekutif sehingga produktivitas dan kualitas hidup lansia tetap optimal.Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui perbedaan pengaruh senam otak dan senam Poco-poco terhadap peningkatan fungsi eksekutif populasi lansia di Pusat Santunan Keluarga (PUSAKA).Metode: Penelitian menggunakan studi eksperimental dengan pendekatan nonequivalent control group design. Enam puluh lansia sebagai subyek terbagi dalam kelompok senam otak (n=30) dan kelompok senam Poco-poco (n=30) di­ dua PUSAKA. Masing-masing intervensi dilakukan sebanyak tiga kali seminggu selama 30 menit dalam empat minggu. Analisis perbedaan pengaruh senam otak dan senam Poco-poco terhadap fungsi eksekutif lansia berdasarkan selisih rerata Oral Trail Making Test Form B (OTMT-B) menggunakan uji Mann-Whitney.Hasil: Terdapat perbaikan durasi penyelesaian OTMT-B setelah intervensi senam otak dan senam Poco-poco dengan nilai kemaknaan p<0,05. Perbedaan selisih rerata durasi penyelesaian OTMT-B pada kelompok intervensi senam Poco-poco lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelompok senam otak.Diskusi: Intervensi senam otak dan senam Poco-poco dapat meningkatkan fungsi eksekutif populasi lansia. Peningkatan fungsi eksekutif lebih signifikan pada kelompok intervensi senam Poco-poco dibandingkan kelompok intervensi senam otak.Kata kunci: Fungsi eksekutif, lanjut usia, Oral Trail Making Test Form-B, senam otak, senam Poco-poco

scholarly journals B-70 The Effect of Bilingualism on Trail Making Test Performance in Traumatic Brain Injury Survivors and Healthy Adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 1018-1018
Author(s):  
P Litvin ◽  
R Rugh-Fraser ◽  
W Lopez-Hernandez ◽  
J Knight ◽  
R Cervantes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Neurocognitive Performance ◽  
Post Injury ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
Main Effects

Abstract Objective Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with a number of cognitive deficits. Language factors also impact neurocognitive performance. We examined the effects of TBI and bilingualism/monolingualism on a test of attention and executive functioning (Trail Making Test; TMT). Method The sample (N = 96) consisted of 36 healthy controls (19 bilingual; 17 monolingual), 34 acute TBI participants (12 bilingual; 21 monolingual), and 27 chronic TBI participants (16 bilingual; 11 monolingual). Acute TBI participants were tested 6 months post-injury and chronic TBI participants were tested 12 months or more post-injury. 3X2 ANOVAs were conducted to determine the effect of TBI and bilingualism/monolingualism on TMT part A and B. Results Main effects were found between groups (i.e., control and TBI groups) on TMT A, p < .001, ηp² = .17 and TMT B, p < .05, ηp² = .09. Pairwise comparisons revealed a difference only between the control group and the 6-month TBI group, with the latter performing worse. Main effects were found for bilingualism/monolingualism on TMT A, p < .05, ηp² = .04 and TMT B, p < .05, ηp² = .05; monolingual participants performed better than bilingual participants. No interactions emerged. Conclusion Relative to monolinguals, bilingual participants demonstrated worse attention and executive functioning performances 6 months post-TBI; however, 12 months post-TBI, the difference was negligible.

scholarly journals The Effects of High-Intensity Aerobic Exercise on Cognitive Performance After Stroke: A Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 117957351984349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanne Pallesen ◽  
Maria Bjerk ◽  
Asger Roer Pedersen ◽  
Jørgen Feldbæk Nielsen ◽  
Lars Evald
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Acute Stroke ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Cognitive Impairments ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Stroke Survivors ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Trail Making

Background: Aerobic exercise is an effective treatment to improve aerobic capacity following stroke and might also improve cognitive impairments in sub-acute stroke survivors. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of high-intensity aerobic exercise on cognitive impairments in sub-acute stroke survivors. Methods: A pilot, randomised controlled trial on the effects of aerobic exercise on cognitive impairments of stroke patients in the sub-acute (1-3 months) phase was conducted. Thirty patients with moderate cognitive impairments (maximum score of 5 on at least two items on the cognitive subscales of the Functional Independence Measure [FIM]) were included in the study and randomly assigned to either the intervention group – performing high-intensity aerobic exercise (above 70% of maximum heart rate), or the control group – performing low-intensity aerobic exercise (below 60%). Patients in both groups exercised for 50 min twice a week for 4 weeks. Primary neuropsychological outcome: Trail Making Test B. Results: Thirty stroke patients completed the interventions. The results showed that the high-intensity group, compared with the low-intensity group, achieved significant improvements on Trail Making Test B, which assesses processing speed and divided attention ( P = .04 after training and P = .01 at follow-up). However, the significant improvements on Trail Making Test B might relate to a ceiling effect in the control group. Conclusions: This study does not provide evidence to support that aerobic exercise can improve cognition in stroke survivors, even though significant improvement was revealed on the primary outcome in sub-acute stroke survivors following high-intensity aerobic exercise compared with low-intensity general exercise.

scholarly journals Systemic arterial hypertension and cognition in adults: effects on executive functioning

2020 ◽  
Vol 78 (7) ◽  
pp. 412-418
Author(s):  
Natália Cristina MORAES ◽  
Henrique Cotchi Simbo MUELA ◽  
Claudia Maia MEMÓRIA ◽  
Valéria Aparecida da COSTA-HONG ◽  
Michel Ferreira MACHADO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Hypertension Treatment ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Systemic Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Test Part ◽  
Trail Making

ABSTRACT Background: Central nervous system changes associated to systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) are progressive and may cause negative effects on cognitive performance. The objective of this study was to investigate the relation between SAH and the components of executive functions (EF), inhibitory control (IC), updating and shifting, comparing a control group (without SAH) to patients with SAH, in two levels of severity. Methods: The protocol included the following tests to evaluate EF components: T.O.V.A. Test (IC), Backward Digit Span from Wechsler Adults Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III), Phonemic and Semantic Verbal Fluency (updating), and Trail Making Test Part B (shifting). Results: A total of 204 participants was included: 56 from the Control Group (CG), 87 SAH stage 1, and 61 SAH stage 2. The groups were not different for age (52.37±12.29) and education (10.98±4.06). As to controlled blood pressure (BP), duration of hypertension treatment and number of drugs, the SAH 2 group had a worse BP control, longer duration of hypertension treatment and use of more drugs when compared to the SAH 1. The findings revealed that patients with more severe hypertension presented worse performance in updating (Backward Digit Span, phonemic and semantics VF) and shifting (Trail Making Test Part B). Conclusion: The results suggest that patients with SAH have a significant impairment in EF, more specifically in updating and shifting. Besides that, such damage may be directly proportional to the severity of SAH. It is suggested that future studies include neuroimaging exams to exclude possible cerebrovascular diseases.

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