GENDER INEQUALITY IN THE LABOR MARKET OF UKRAINE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES

Achieving gender equality remains one of the most important tasks of the state policy of Uzbekistan. The country maintains a position with a high level of both vertical and horizontal gender segregation in the labor market. The article reviews and identifies the main reasons for maintaining gender inequality, as well as positive changes in the provision of equal rights in the field of gender relations.

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WHY DOES IT HAPPEN IN PHYSICS? OPINIONS OF EUROPEAN PHYSICISTS ON GENDER INEQUALITY

Studia Humanistyczne AGH ◽

10.7494/human.2019.18.4.13 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 13-29

Author(s):

Ewa Krzaklewska ◽

Paulina Sekuła ◽

Ewelina Ciaputa ◽

Justyna Struzik

Keyword(s):

Gender Equality ◽

Gender Inequality ◽

Gender Stereotypes ◽

Work Organization ◽

Research Area ◽

Scientific Institutions ◽

Recent Developments ◽

Research Organisations ◽

Depth Interviews ◽

Gender Equality Policy

The article aims to describe and analyse the opinions of European physicists as to the reasons for the overrepresentation of men in the discipline, as well as to supply some reflections on the barriers encountered by female physicists in their careers. The article is based on qualitative data – 83 in-depth interviews with female and male physicists – collected in 2016 and 2017 under the framework of the project “Gender Equality Network in European Research Area” (GENERA). The main reasons voiced by interviewees for the gender imbalance in physics are to be found ‘outside’ the scientific institutions themselves, namely the early processes of the socialisation of girls and boys, together with existing gender stereotypes. Other reasons are related to recent developments in academia linked to work organization and structural conditions – precariousness, competitiveness, and the demand for mobility, but also to a masculinised working culture resulting in gender bias, as well as microaggressions and discrimination. In relation to recent studies showing that awareness of gender (in) equalities remains of crucial importance for structural/institutional change, the article reflects on the potential implications of the perception by physicists of the determinants of gender inequality for the implementation of gender equality policy in research organisations.

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Gender inequality

Public administration aspects ◽

10.15421/152067 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 25-37

Author(s):

Natalia Kostiuk ◽

Olena Antoniuk

Keyword(s):

Social Policy ◽

Gender Equality ◽

Gender Inequality ◽

Gender Discrimination ◽

Gender Segregation ◽

Legal Rights ◽

The Social ◽

The World ◽

The Impact ◽

Ukrainian Society

The article deals with gender inequality in the economic, political and social spheres of Ukraine and the key reasons for gender imbalance in the observation and realization of gender rights. The topicality of the article is predetermined by the necessity of the systemic solution to the problem of gender equality in Ukraine that is declared in the country’s constitution as the pivotal principle of safeguarding legal rights and freedoms of people in a democratic state.The authors have made an analysis of the Ukrainian norms and laws in force as well as some ratified international treaties in the sphere of gender equality insurance. The current state of realization of the main directions of social policy of Ukraine in the sphere of gender equality has been determined on the basis of the World Economic Forum and in particular the analysis of the index of gender discrepancy in certain spheres of human activity as well as the gender monitoring of the representation of candidates in the special election of people’s deputies of Ukraine in 2014 and 2019. The impact of gender discrimination against women on the social economic development of the world countries and their national wealth level has been considered.The study has allowed revealing a positive tendency in the realization of women’s right to participate and be represented in the economic and political spheres of Ukrainian activity and offering further necessary state measures in the social policy pertaining to the eradication of gender asymmetry in the Ukrainian society. The need of redirecting the government gender policy to more effective measures for overcoming gender inequality, gender segregation and multiple forms of discrimination against women under the conditions of the severe economic, political and social upheavals in Ukraine has been pointed to. The authors have come to the conclusion that the development of the political and juridical concept of eradication of gender discrimination against women in Ukraine is the pledge of sustainable development of the Ukrainian society which in its turn is a necessary condition for forming a competitive human capital of the country that has chosen the Eurointergation foreign policy course.

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Applying the Data Modeling Tools for the Gender Inequality Analysis in the IT-industry in Ukraine and Worldwide

Business Inform ◽

10.32983/2222-4459-2020-9-165-171 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (512) ◽

pp. 165-171

Author(s):

O. I. Shchepilova ◽

◽

M. V. Korol ◽

Keyword(s):

Information Technology ◽

Labor Market ◽

Social Services ◽

Gender Inequality ◽

Gender Discrimination ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Gender Segregation ◽

Current Status ◽

Modeling Tools ◽

The World

Nowadays, the information-technology industry is one of the most masculine and asymmetrical in the world labor market. The fact of having male workers in more prestigious and highly paid positions is proved, while female workers are more represented in low-profitable sectors of the economy (healthcare, education, social services, etc.). The article is aimed at researching the status of gender inequality in the IT sphere in the labor market of both Ukraine and the world by means of modeling tools. The publication analyzes the current status of gender segregation of labor in the sphere of information technology worldwide and in Ukraine. The relevance of the research on the process of functioning of companies engaged in foreign economic activity is substantiated. Using statistics of the most technological companies in the world (Amazon, Microsoft, etc.) it is proved that the average share of women in the companies comprises 30-40% of all employees. Gender inequality, as it has been proven, harms the business of companies around the world. Replacing female employees who resigned from a job because of the inability to build a career increases business costs and slows down the activities of individual projects and/or companies in general. At present, most large international companies deliberately perceive the need to achieve gender equilibrium among their employees. Despite numerous measures that have a positive impact on the involvement of women in the IT market, there are factors in the global labor market that increase gender discrimination, as emphasized in the article. Economic-mathematical models of the process are built up using multiple regression with panel data. With the help of the appropriate criteria, the quality of the built up models has been proven. Economic interpretation of the results is provided. Prospects for further research in this direction are described.

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The Presence of Women in the Illustrated Magazine Liang You during the Second Sino-Japanese War through Photographs

Communication Papers ◽

10.33115/udg_bib/cp.v10i21.22714 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (21) ◽

pp. 75

Author(s):

Manqing Qiu

Keyword(s):

Gender Equality ◽

Gender Inequality ◽

Chinese Women ◽

Work Environments ◽

Photographic Images ◽

Low Level ◽

Social Activists ◽

History Of ◽

Images Of Women

The photographic presence of women on war in journalism and the gender inequality suffered by women are often ignored in previous investigations. This study focuses on analyzing the photographic images of women published in the monthly illustrated magazine 'Liang You' during the Second Sino-Japanese War, with the aim of knowing the presence of Chinese women and verifying the existence of inequality of gender suffered during the war. To this end, the photographs published from 1937 to 1945 have been qualitatively studied following the theories of Vilches (1983) and Facio (2009). The quantity and regularity of the publication are analyzed in this study. The areas in which women enter, women’s identities and activities shown in photographs are investigated. We find that the presence of women on war is active in journalism. Chinese women appear in family, social, educational and work environments. They have diverse identities as social activists, nationalists and protestors. However, they are despised, subordinate and marginalized because they suffer the limitations built by a sexist society with a low level of development. We argue that it is necessary to maintain a vision of gender equality in the study of war to reveal the silent history of women and understand their submission in a purely masculine world.

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Gendered Labor Market (dis)advantages in Nordic Welfare States. Introduction to the Theme of the Special Issue

Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies ◽

10.18291/njwls.129190 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Armi Mustosmäki ◽

Liza Reisel ◽

Tiina Sihto ◽

Mari Teigen

Keyword(s):

Labor Market ◽

Welfare State ◽

Gender Equality ◽

Gender Segregation ◽

State Policies ◽

Nordic Countries ◽

The State ◽

Special Issue ◽

Friendly Societies ◽

Welfare State Policies

Gender equality has been named as one of the normative foundations of Nordic wel- fare states. This is reflected in how, year after year, Nordic states rank among the most gender egalitarian countries in the world (see, e.g., World Economic Forum 2020). In Nordic countries, the state has been, and continues to be, a central actor in shaping women’s citizenship, labor market opportunities, and caring roles. Especially publicly funded welfare services and policies that facilitate the reconciliation of work and care have played a major part in advancing women’s labor market participation (see, e.g., Bergquist et al. 1999; Borchorst & Siim 2002; Ellingsæter & Leira 2006; Siim & Stoltz 2015). The institutional framework of Nordic welfare state policies has been central to what has been called the ‘social democratic public service route’ (Walby 2004).One of the important building blocks of gender equality has been the aim of making policies in Nordic countries ‘women-friendly’. More than 30 years ago, Helga Hernes (1987) identified the Nordic countries as ‘potentially women-friendly societies’. She characterized women-friendly societies as those that ‘would not force harder choices on women than on men’ (ibid., 15), particularly in relation to work and care. Hernes also envisaged that woman-friendliness should be achieved without increasing other forms of inequality, such as class or ethnicity-based inequalities among different groups of women.However, achieving gender equality in working life and the sort of women- friendliness that Hernes envisaged at the societal level has in many ways also proved to be challenging, as the ties between the state and gender equality goals are more complex than what they might seem at first glance. Gender disparities have proven persistent also within the Nordic context. When we issued a call for this special issue, we were interested in various forms of gendered labor market (dis)advantage in Nordic countries. Furthermore, we asked how gender segregation, welfare state policies, labor marketpolicies, and various labor market actors interact to produce, maintain, challenge, or change gender equality in the labor market in the Nordic countries and beyond. The five articles presented in this special issue address the issue of gendered labor market (dis)advantages in Nordic countries from several vantage points, focusing on both on ‘traditional’ questions, such as corporate power and sustainable employment, and ‘emerging’ questions such as intersectionality, gender culture, and aesthetic work.

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Social and psychological causes of gender inequality in present-day female career development

Збірник наукових праць: психологія (Збірник наукових праць: філософія, соціологія, психологія) ◽

10.15330/psp.22.33-40 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 33-40

Author(s):

Оксана Чуйко

Keyword(s):

Gender Equality ◽

Gender Inequality ◽

Gender Stereotypes ◽

Personal Growth ◽

Public Awareness ◽

Gender Segregation ◽

Private Life ◽

Gender Based ◽

Work Family ◽

Sensitive Issues

The article actualize the issue of gender equality as a precondition for successful female career pursuit. We study issues of gender equality in the light of gender inequality manifestation and its influence on female career opportunities. We have analyzed primary indicators of gender inequality with regard to employment, such as gender segregation, glass ceiling effect, gap in wages, dual employment of women (family and work), gender stereotypes, gender-based harassment and violence. We have outlined primary ways to reduce gender inequality with regard to employment, namely: challenging gender stereotypes (public awareness campaign aimed at identifying and studying gender stereotypes of a certain community; analyzing one’s own gender stereotypes, examining their sources, etc.); developing wider concepts and beliefs with regard to gender-sensitive issues in the workplace; understanding signs and limits of gender-based harassment and violence, their prevention and avoidance; developing effective coping strategies for pressure; balancing work, family and private life by women; developing psychological characteristics and personality features essential for one’s occupation, which can contribute to professional development of a person, acknowledgment of their expertise irrespective of gender identity; developing harmonious personality (personal growth trainings), self-education and lifelong learning; practical trainings for successful career, coaching; public legal education (awareness of laws on gender-sensitive issues in the labor market); implementing and abiding by gender equality policies in various sectors, fostering organizational culture based on gender equality.

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A legislative gender-equality norm as a catalyst for change? Discursive convergence in the case of the Swedish Parliament

European Journal of Politics and Gender ◽

10.1332/251510820x16007079771821 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Josefina Erikson ◽

Lenita Freidenvall

Keyword(s):

Gender Equality ◽

Gender Inequality ◽

Party Affiliation ◽

The World ◽

Continuous Work ◽

Depth Interviews ◽

Over Time

This article addresses the establishment of gender-equality norms in a case often presented as one of the most gender-equal legislatures in the world, namely, the Swedish Parliament (Riksdagen). Based on a series of in-depth interviews between 2005 and 2016 with 90 legislators in the Swedish Parliament, we ask whether there is agreement over gender-equality problems in Parliament that cut across gender and party affiliation, and whether there is convergence over time in this regard. Our findings show that there is a trend of convergence of the gender-inequality framings over time, which indicates the establishment of a shared legislative gender-equality norm. We suggest that a legislative gender-equality norm might work as a catalyst for progressive and continuous work in this area. Key messages <ul><li>The article suggests that gender-equality norms should be studied as part of parliaments’ gender sensitivity.</li> <li>The article finds support for the emergence of a gender-equality norm in the Swedish Parliament.</li> <li>We pinpoint interviews as a method to study norms.</li></ul>

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Gender-collaborative training in elite university sport: Challenging gender essentialism through integrated training in gender-segregated sports

International Review for the Sociology of Sport ◽

10.1177/1012690220980149 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 101269022098014

Author(s):

MF Ogilvie ◽

Mark McCormack

Keyword(s):

Gender Inequality ◽

Female Athletes ◽

Gender Segregation ◽

Gender Essentialism ◽

Elite University ◽

University Level ◽

And Gender ◽

The Impact ◽

Collaborative Training ◽

Depth Interviews

Competitive teamsport at university level is predominantly segregated by gender in many western countries, despite concerns that gender segregation in sport can perpetuate sexism and gender inequality. While policies and activities seek to challenge sexism and gender inequality, the use of gender collaboration within a gender-segregated system as a method to achieve this has received little attention. In this article, we draw on a year-long ethnography of elite sport and 48 in-depth interviews with elite male and female athletes at a British university to explore the impact of various forms of gender mixing during training, which we call ‘gender-collaborative training’. While men’s and women’s teams competing against each other in practice matches resulted in gender-essentialist narratives attributing difference to biology, gender-integrated practices and workouts provided opportunities for men and women to train together without the gendered sport-specific associations that can reproduce sexism. We call for gender-collaborative training to be adopted by gender-segregated teams, and suggest that where there is resistance to any integration, teams start with mixed physical workouts and progress to mixed sport-specific training and then mixed competitive training.

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From Emancipation through Employment to Emancipation through Entrepreneurship: An Analysis of the Special Labor Market Initiatives (BRYT) and Tax Deduction for Domestic Services (RUT) in Sweden

Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies ◽

10.19154/njwls.v5i3.4806 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 41 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Elin Kvist ◽

Johanna Overud

Keyword(s):

Labor Market ◽

Gender Equality ◽

Gender Segregation ◽

Labor Market Participation ◽

Market Participation ◽

Women's Labor ◽

Governmental Agencies ◽

State Subsidies ◽

Tax Deduction ◽

Work Choices

Debates on gender equality policy in Sweden assume that women’s labor market participation is central to gender equality and should be promoted via special initiatives and programs. This paper examines how gender equality discourses have changed over time, analyzing Swedish state labor market policy in the 1980s and 1990s, special labor market initiatives to eliminate gender segregation and encourage nontraditional gendered work choices, and contemporary state subsidies for paid domestic work (i.e., tax deduction for domestic services). Critically interpreting these reforms reveals consistencies and continuities in how labor market participation is viewed as the key promoter of gender equality, revealing transformations in how gender equality is understood and constructed. A transition is discernible from state-funded programs and reforms to governmental agencies/authorities and state subsidies to promote enterprise and the growth of specific labor market sectors.

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