scholarly journals Does a Rise in Income Inequality Lead to Rises in Transportation Inequality and Mobility Practice Inequality?

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 110-132
Author(s):  
Joko Purwanto
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Economic Condition ◽  
Car Ownership ◽  
Household Surveys ◽  
Relevant Today ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
Main Target ◽  
Mobility Behaviour ◽  
Transportation Inequality ◽  
Economic Inequalities

Social and economic inequalities have sharpened in the late 20<sup>th</sup> century. During this period, Europe has witnessed a rising unemployment rate, a declining wages for the least qualified workers, a slowing of income growth, and an increasing gap between the richest and the poorest. Based on the hypothesis of the relation between socio-economic condition and mobility behaviour, it is necessary to ask how these socio-economic inequalities manifest themselves in transportation: does a rise in income inequality lead to a rise in transportation inequality and mobility practice inequality? This question is particularly relevant today as some European countries are facing high socio-economic inequalities following the financial crisis that started in 2008. Using results from transport, car ownership and mobility surveys as well as household surveys from the Paris (Île-de-France) region between eighties and late nineties, this paper tries to answer this question. The results show how inequalities in transportation and mobility practice have decreased during the period in spite of an increase in income inequalities. We find that the evolution of socio-economic inequality, most specifically income inequality was simply one of the determining factors of the evolution of inequalities in transportation and mobility practice. In fact, the most important role in that evolution is not played by the evolution of income inequality but by the evolution of elasticity between transportation and income. Reducing the effects of this elasticity should be the main target of transport policies to diminish inequality in transportation and mobility practice.

scholarly journals The Effects of Mobility as a Service and Autonomous Vehicles on People’s Willingness to Own a Car in the Future

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1962
Author(s):  
Timo Liljamo ◽  
Heikki Liimatainen ◽  
Markus Pöllänen ◽  
Riku Viri
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Travel Behaviour ◽  
Car Ownership ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Sustainable Mobility ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Mobility Service ◽  
The Future ◽  
Mobility Behaviour

Car ownership is one of the key factors affecting travel behaviour and thus also essential in terms of sustainable mobility. This study examines car ownership and how people’s willingness to own a car may change in the future, when considering the effects of public transport, Mobility as a Service (MaaS) and automated vehicles (AVs). Results of two citizen surveys conducted with representative samples (NAV-survey = 2036; NMaaS-survey = 1176) of Finns aged 18–64 are presented. The results show that 39% of respondents would not want or need to own a car if public transport connections were good enough, 58% if the described mobility service was available and 65% if all vehicles in traffic were automated. Hence, car ownership can decrease as a result of the implementation of AVs and MaaS, and higher public transport quality of service. Current mobility behaviour has a strong correlation to car ownership, as respondents who use public transport frequently feel less of a will or need to own a car than others. Generally, women and younger people feel less of a will or need to own a car, but factors such as educational level and residential location seem to have a relatively low effect.

scholarly journals INEQUALITY AND WELFARE OF THE DISPLACED HOUSEHOLDS DUE TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF KOTO PANJANG DAM

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Fery Andrianus ◽  
Syafruddin Karimi ◽  
Werry Darta Taifur ◽  
Endrizal Ridwan
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Gini Index ◽  
Economic Condition ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Household Welfare ◽  
Average Household Income ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Resettlement Programs

Displacement due to the construction of the Koto Panjang dam has an impact on household welfare. The displaced households experienced a very poor economic condition at the beginning of the displacement period. This study seeks answers to two questions: how the current welfare of the households is and how the relationship between welfare and income inequality of those households is. The study was conducted on 12 villages which are the locations of involuntary resettlement programs with a total sample of 360 households. The study used Gini index to measure income inequality and Subjective Welfare Indicator to compare household welfare. The results showed that in general, the average household income in Koto Panjang was higher than the Provincial Minimum Wage, but it was not evenly distributed in all villages. The result also showed a negative relationship between welfare and income inequality, but it cannot be used for further analysis because the correlation value is very low.

scholarly journals Influencia de los Factores Psicosociales de Contexto en la Conducta Delictiva de los Menores Infractores del Centro de Formación Juvenil de los Patios

Summa Iuris ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 264
Author(s):  
Yineth Tatiana Rico Fuentes
Keyword(s):  
School Violence ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Economic Condition ◽  
School Context ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
The Family ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
Criminal Behaviors

La investigación tiene como objetivo describir los factores psicosociales de contexto (familia, escuela y entorno), por medio de técnicas de tipo cualitativo, que identifiquen los factores influyentes en la conducta delictiva de los menores infractores de edades comprendidas entre los 14 y 18 años del Centro de Formación Juvenil de los Patios, ubicado en Norte de Santander, Colombia. Se realizó bajo el enfoque cualitativo de corte trasversal-descriptivo, con una muestra de ocho (8) jóvenes infractores, escogidos al azar por conveniencia, por medio del tipo de muestreo intencional. Con cinco (5) de los ocho (8) participantes se aplicó un grupo focal; y con los restantes, entrevistas a profundidad; ambos instrumentos permitieron identificar como factores constantes y determinantes de la conducta delictiva de los menores los siguientes: I. En la categoría de familia, los asociados a la condición socioeconómica, representados en los bajos recursos económicos y necesidades básicas no resueltas; II. En lo relacionado con el contexto de escuela: la violencia escolar y el poco interés por el ambiente académico; y III. En la categoría de entorno, se identificó como factor influyente la relación con grupo de pares con conductas infractoras y el consumo de SPA, además de encontrar como reforzador del medio, la percepción del poder (adquisitivo y de autoridad).This research intends to describe, through qualitative techniques, the contextual psychosocial factors (family, school and environment) that allow the identification of influential factors in the criminal behavior of underage offenders between 14 and 18 years old in the Centro de Formación Juvenil de los Patios in Norte de Santander, Colombia. The study was developed under the qualitative approach, with a descriptive transversal method, with a sample of eight underage offenders chosen randomly through an intentional sampling. A focus group was performed with five of the eight participants, while the other three were interviewed in depth. Both techniques allowed to identify as constant and determining factors on the minors’ criminal behavior the following: I. In the family category, the ones associated to the socio-economic condition, represented in low income and unsolved basic needs; II. Regarding the school context; the school violence and low interest on the academic environment, and III. In the category of environment, the relation to peers with criminal behaviors and the use of SPA were identified as influential factors. The perception of power (for acquisition and authority) was also found as an environmental reinforcement

scholarly journals Does Economic Geography Matter for Pakistan? A Spatial Exploratory Analysis of Income and Education Inequalities.

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (4II) ◽  
pp. 929-953 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofia Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Spatial Autocorrelation ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Spatial Interaction ◽  
Exploratory Analysis ◽  
Spatial Effects ◽  
Spatial Disparities ◽  
Development Levels ◽  
Economic Inequalities

Generally, econometric studies on socio-economic inequalities consider regions as independent entities, ignoring the likely possibility of spatial interaction between them. This interaction may cause spatial dependency or clustering, which is referred to as spatial autocorrelation. This paper analyses for the first time, the spatial clustering of income, income inequality, education, human development, and growth by employing spatial exploratory data analysis (ESDA) techniques to data on 98 Pakistani districts. By detecting outliers and clusters, ESDA allows policy makers to focus on the geography of socio-economic regional characteristics. Global and local measures of spatial autocorrelation have been computed using the Moran‘s I and the Geary‘s C index to obtain estimates of the spatial autocorrelation of spatial disparities across districts. The overall finding is that the distribution of district wise income inequality, income, education attainment, growth, and development levels, exhibits a significant tendency for socio-economic inequalities and human development levels to cluster in Pakistan (i.e. the presence of spatial autocorrelation is confirmed). Keywords: Pakistan, Spatial Effects, Spatial Exploratory Analysis, Spatial Disparities, Income Inequality, Education Inequality, Spatial Autocorrelation

scholarly journals Does Financial Technology Affect Income Inequality in Indonesia?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Birgitta Dian Saraswati ◽  
Ghozali Maski ◽  
David Kalug ◽  
Rachmad Kresna Sakti
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Partial Adjustment ◽  
Adjustment Model ◽  
Partial Adjustment Model ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
Equal Income ◽  
Sustainable Economic Growth ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Financial Technology

Economic growth is insufficient to be a sole indicator of the population’s welfare. Specifically, high economic growth does not necessarily imply that the population is generally prosperous. Equal income distribution is crucial to achieving sustainable economic growth. Since 2000, the Gini index as a measure of income inequality in Indonesia showed an increasing trend. On the other side, financial technology 3.0 started to develop. This paper seeks to investigate the impact of fintech 3.0 development on income inequality in Indonesia and to identify the determining factors of income inequality in Indonesia. By using the partial adjustment model (PAM) with the observation period of 1990-2017, the study empirically shows that fintech 3.0 development that started in 2000 had a significant impact on income inequality in Indonesia. Besides, the investment variable also positively affect income inequality in Indonesia. Thus, the findings indicate that the Indonesian population did not equally utilize fintech development. Keywords: income inequality, financial technology, Indonesia, partial adjustment model

Motorcycle to car ownership: The role of road mobility, accessibility and income inequality

2021 ◽  
Vol 90 ◽  
pp. 102650
Author(s):  
Alvin Wai Hoong Poi ◽  
Teik Hua Law ◽  
Hussain Hamid ◽  
Fauzan Mohd Jakarni
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Car Ownership

scholarly journals An Examination Of The Country Liquidity Index To Predict A Country's Foreign Direct Investment

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 359
Author(s):  
Roland J. Sparks ◽  
Nick Desai ◽  
Perumal Thirumurthy
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Economic Condition ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Foreign Direct Investments ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Liquidity Index ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
Determining Factor

Foreign direct investment (FDI) is critical to the economic development of any nation regardless of its level of growth. There is a plethora of research on the determining factors of FDI, both economic and non-economic, but very little on the weighted influence of these factors. This research is an attempt to categorize and rank the major determinates of FDI. The conclusion reached by this research is that economic condition of a country is a major determining factor for FDI, but there are other competing factors, as well, that have major impact on FDI. Using the Country Liquidity Index (CLI) as a barometer, the FDI is regressed to develop a model to predict the potential FDI of a country. Results conclude that only 22.46% of a country's FDI is explained by economic factors leaving the remaining 77.54% unexplained. This research attempts to explain the unexplained factors and rank the countries as overinvested and underinvested. A review of the data for the over and underinvested countries indicates that political factors and third country influences may outweigh economic factors when it comes to FDI. The paper concludes with a ranking of 62 countries and their foreign direct investment potential along with their current over/under foreign direct investments.

scholarly journals DISPLACEMENT –ONE OF THE MAIN CHALLENGES FOR GEORGIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (06) ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
Tamar Karaia
Keyword(s):  
Economic Condition ◽  
Ethnically Diverse ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
Living Condition ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Civic Consciousness ◽  
Main Target ◽  
The Government ◽  
Further Development ◽  
European Family

The value of multiculturalism and diversity has long been greatest merit for Georgia. The issues of migrations, its difficulties and objections pose formidable challenges country has to deal with for centuries. For many years already effective and coherent attitude towards this subject have helped greatly to establish divers and liberalistic society. At the same time Georgia also is a country with a high rate of emigrants. Nowadays, because of country’s harsh economic condition, many people tend to leave Georgia to settle in more developed and economically advanced countries. Where they hope to lead easier live, get better education and healthcare and change the living condition for themselves and their families. In the following article we will give a brief description of countries migration policy and history, as well as conditions and ways of human coexistence, that forms interesting, complex and multiple society. Notwithstanding the obstacles, that regularly attends this subject, Georgian government attempts to find right way out of the problem. The government and the citizens understand that further development and independence of the country necessarily requires the consideration of multi-ethnic values. Subsequently, Georgia is an ethnically diverse country, where people of different ethnicity and nationality live peacefully side by side, work together, trade, demonstrate their individual and unique historical and ethnic customs and traditions, try to preserve their cultural heritage and develop. Long lasting practise shows how crucial the tolerance is for harmonious life of the society. To respect different religious beliefs and particular habits is a guarantee for developing civic consciousness and take the constructive step forward. Consequently, joining the European family to preserve human rights and became honourable member of that family is the main target for Georgian people.

A Note on the Low Income-Inequality Miracle in Taiwan (1976-1997)

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.V. Bhanoji Rao ◽  
Pundarik Mukhopadhaya
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Household Surveys ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Annual Basis ◽  
High Degree

Within the context of globalization and openness of the Taiwan economy, the Gini ratio for income distribution among individuals remained within a narrow range of just 0.35-0.36 for as long as two decades. The low level as well as the constancy of the degree of inequality, data availability from household surveys on an annual basis, the very swift publication of the survey reports and the high degree of agreement between the survey and national accounts-based aggregated income constitute a “miracle” as far as the experience of developing countries go.

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