scholarly journals First report of white rot of wood sumac in the Botanical Garden-Institute FEB RAS caused by Schizophyllum commune

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.A. Pavluk ◽  
◽  
L.M. Pshennikova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Schizophyllum Commune ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
White Rot ◽  
First Report ◽  
Rhus Typhina

White rot of staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina f. laciniata) wood in the collection of Botanical Garden-Institute FEB RAS caused by Schizophyllum commune is discussed.

scholarly journals First Reports of Aphelenchoides fragariae on Royal Fern and on Hosta and Other Hosts in South Carolina

Plant Disease ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (5) ◽  
pp. 593-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Williamson ◽  
J. H. Blake ◽  
S. N. Jeffers ◽  
S. A. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
The South ◽  
Clemson University ◽  
First Report ◽  
Symptomatic Leaf ◽  
Aphelenchoides Fragariae ◽  
Foliar Nematode

In September 1999, royal ferns (Osmunda regalis L.) at a South Carolina wholesale nursery were found to be infected by foliar nematodes. Lesions were brown, vein-limited, and often fan shaped. As severity increased, affected leaflets became totally necrotic. Nematodes were extracted by excising and dicing symptomatic leaf sections and placing them in water for up to 24 h. Ten adult nematodes from each of two fern plants were examined microscopically and determined to be Aphelenchoides fragariae (Ritzema Bos) Christie. This is the first report of this nematode infecting royal fern. In August 1996, leaves from several cultivars of Hosta spp. with yellow to tan, vein-limited lesions were submitted from The South Carolina Botanical Garden (Clemson, SC) to the Clemson University Plant Problem Clinic for diagnosis. Nematodes were extracted and examined as described above and identified as A. fragariae. This is the first report of this nematode infecting Hosta spp. in South Carolina. Since 1996, foliar nematodes have been recovered from hostas at several wholesale nurseries in South Carolina. Aphelenchoides spp. also have been detected previously in commercially produced ornamental plants in South Carolina, including a Begonia sp. in 1988; Polygonum bistorta L. ‘Super-bum’ (snakeweed) in 1997; and a Polystichum sp. (holly fern) in 1997. All plants exhibited angular or vein-limited, necrotic lesions typical of foliar nematode infections.

scholarly journals Ras GTPase-Activating Protein Gap1 of the Homobasidiomycete Schizophyllum commune Regulates Hyphal Growth Orientation and Sexual Development

2006 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 683-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Schubert ◽  
Marjatta Raudaskoski ◽  
Nicole Knabe ◽  
Erika Kothe
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Development ◽  
Schizophyllum Commune ◽  
Type System ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Bound State ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Ras Signaling ◽  
No Production ◽  
Gtpase Activating Protein

ABSTRACT The white rot fungus Schizophyllum commune is used for the analysis of mating and sexual development in homobasidiomycete fungi. In this study, we isolated the gene gap1 encoding a GTPase-activating protein for Ras. Disruption of gap1 should therefore lead to strains accumulating Ras in its activated, GTP-bound state and to constitutive Ras signaling. Haploid Δgap1 monokaryons of different mating types did not show alterations in mating behavior in the four different mating interactions possible in fungi expressing a tetrapolar mating type system. Instead, the growth rate in Δgap1 monokaryons was reduced by ca. 25% and ca. 50% in homozygous Δgap1/Δgap1 dikaryons. Monokaryons, as well as homozygous dikaryons, carrying the disrupted gap1 alleles exhibited a disorientated growth pattern. Dikaryons showed a strong phenotype during clamp formation since hook cells failed to fuse with the peg beside them. Instead, the dikaryotic character of the hyphae was rescued by fusion of the hooks with nearby developing branches. Δgap1/Δgap1 dikaryons formed increased numbers of fruitbody primordia, whereas the amount of fruitbodies was not raised. Mature fruitbodies formed no or abnormal gills. No production of spores could be observed. The results suggest Ras involvement in growth, clamp formation, and fruitbody development.

scholarly journals First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Erysiphe macleayae on Macleaya microcarpa in Poland

Plant Disease ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (9) ◽  
pp. 1376-1376 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Park ◽  
S. E. Cho ◽  
M. Piątek ◽  
H. D. Shin
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Central China ◽  
Perennial Herb ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
First Report ◽  
Potted Plants

Macleaya microcarpa (Maxim.) Fedde, also known as smallfruit plume poppy, is a perennial herb belonging to the family Papaveraceae. The plant, together with the better-known species M. cordata (Willd.) R. Br., is native to central China and is now planted worldwide for medicinal purposes. In October 2008 and August 2009, dozens of smallfruit plume poppy planted in the Kraków Botanical Garden, Poland, were found to be severely infected with a powdery mildew. White colonies with abundant sporulation developed on both sides of leaves and young stems, forming circular to irregular patches. Infections caused leaf yellowing and premature defoliation. The damage has been observed every year since 2009. Representative voucher specimens were deposited in the fungal herbarium of the W. Szafer Institute of Botany of the Polish Academy of Sciences (KRAM) and the Korea University herbarium (KUS). Appressoria on the mycelia were lobed, often in pairs. Conidiophores composed of three to four cells arose from the upper part of creeping hyphae, 65 to 120 × 7 to 10 μm, attenuated toward the base, sub-straight or slightly flexuous in foot-cells, and produced conidia singly. Conidia were hyaline, oblong-elliptical to doliiform, 25 to 38 × 12 to 18 μm with a length/width ratio of 1.8 to 2.6; lacked fibrosin bodies; and produced germ tubes on the subterminal position with club-shaped or lobed appressoria. The conidial surface was wrinkled to irregularly reticulate. No chasmothecia were found. The structures described above match well with the anamorph of Erysiphe macleayae R.Y. Zheng & G.Q. Chen (3). To confirm the identity of the causal fungus, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA from KUS-F24459 was amplified using primers ITS5 and P3 (4) and directly sequenced. The resulting sequence of 553 bp was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. JQ681217). A GenBank BLAST search using the present data revealed >99% sequence similarity of the isolate with E. macleayae on M. cordata from Japan (AB016048). Pathogenicity was confirmed through inoculation by gently pressing diseased leaves onto leaves of three healthy potted plants. Three noninoculated plants served as controls. Plants were maintained in a greenhouse at 25°C. Inoculated plants developed signs and symptoms after 7 days, whereas the control plants remained healthy. The fungus present on the inoculated plants was morphologically identical to that originally observed on diseased plants. The powdery mildew infections of M. cordata associated with E. macleayae have been recorded in China and Japan (2), and more recently in Germany (1,3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of E. macleayae on M. microcarpa globally as well as in Poland. This mildew species was described in China and is endemic to Asia, where chasmothecia of the fungus were found. Only recently have powdery mildews been found on M. cordata in Germany (1,3) and now on M. microcarpa in Poland, indicating the fungus is spreading in Europe. References: (1) N. Ale-Agha et al. Schlechtendalia 17:39, 2008. (2) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ , February 7, 2012. (3) A. Schmidt and M. Scholler. Mycotaxon 115:287, 2011. (4) S. Takamatsu et al. Mycol. Res. 113:117, 2009.

scholarly journals First Report of Colletotrichum boninense Causing Anthracnose on Rosa chinensis in China

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haixia Ding ◽  
Wan Peng Dong ◽  
Wei Di Mo ◽  
Lijuan Peng ◽  
Zuo-Yi Liu
Keyword(s):  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Guizhou Province ◽  
Likelihood Method ◽  
Leaf Spot Disease ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Pathogenicity Test ◽  
Single Spore ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
First Report ◽  
Rosa Chinensis

Chinese rose (Rosa chinensis Jacq.) is cultivated for edible flowers in southwestern China (Zhang et al. 2014). In March 2020, a leaf spot disease was observed on about 3-5% leaves of Chinese rose cultivar ‘Mohong’ in Guizhou Botanical Garden (26°37' 45'' N, 106°43' 10'' E), Guiyang, Guizhou province, China. The symptomatic plants displayed circular, dark brown lesions with black conidiomata in grey centers on leaves, and leaf samples were collected. After surface sterilization (0.5 min in 75% ethanol and 2 min in 3% NaOCl, washed 3 times with sterilized distilled water) (Fang 2007), small pieces of symptomatic leaf tissue (0.3 × 0.3 cm) were plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 28oC for about 7 days. Two single-spore isolates, GZUMH01 and GZUMH02, were obtained, which were identical in morphology and molecular analysis. Therefore, the representative isolate GZUMH01 was used for further study. The pathogenicity of GZUMH01 was tested through a pot assay. Ten healthy plants were scratched with a sterilized needle on the leaves. Plants were inoculated by spraying a spore suspension (106 spores ml-1) onto leaves until runoff, and the control leaves sprayed with sterile water. The plants were maintained at 25°C with high relative humidity (90 to 95%) in a growth chamber. The pathogenicity test was carried out three times using the method described in Fang (2007). The symptoms developed on all inoculated leaves but not on the control leaves. The lesions were first visible 48 h after inoculation, and typical lesions similar to those observed on field plants after 7 days. The same fungus was re-isolated from the infected leaves but not from the non-inoculated leaves, fulfilling Koch’s postulates. Fungal colonies on PDA were villiform and greyish. The conidia were abundant, oval-ellipsoid, aseptate, 15.8 (13.7 to 18.8) × 5.7 (4.3 to 6.8) µm. The fungal colonies, hyphae, and conidia were consistent with the descriptions of Colletotrichum boninense Moriwaki, Toy. Sato & Tsukib. (Damm et al. 2012; Moriwaki et al. 2003). The pathogen was confirmed to be C. boninense by amplification and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GADPH), actin (ACT), and chitin synthase 1 (CHS-1) genes using primers ITS1/ITS4, GDF1/GDR1, ACT512F/ACT783R, and CHS-79F/CHS-345R, respectively (Damm et al. 2012; Moriwaki et al. 2003). The sequences of the PCR products were deposited in GenBank with accession numbers MT845879 (ITS), MT861006 (GADPH), MT861007 (ACT), and MT861008 (CHS-1). BLAST searches of the obtained sequences of the ITS, GADPH, ACT, and CHS-1 genes revealed 100% (554/554 nucleotides), 100% (245/245 nucleotides), 97.43% (265/272 nucleotides), and 99.64% (279/280 nucleotides) homology with those of C. boninense in GenBank (JQ005160, JQ005247, JQ005508, and JQ005334, respectively). Phylogenetic analysis (MEGA 6.0) using the maximum likelihood method placed the isolate GZUMH01 in a well-supported cluster with C. boninense. The pathogen was thus identified as C. boninense based on its morphological and molecular characteristics. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the anthracnose disease on R. chinensis caused by C. boninense in the world.

scholarly journals First Report of Psittacanthus angustifolius on Pines in Mexico and Guatemala

Plant Disease ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (7) ◽  
pp. 808-808 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Mathiasen ◽  
C. Parks ◽  
J. Beatty ◽  
S. Sesnie
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
First Report ◽  
Northern Arizona ◽  
Northern Arizona University ◽  
Pinus Tecunumanii ◽  
New York Botanical Garden ◽  
Pinus Oocarpa ◽  
North And South ◽  
Common Parasite

The mistletoe Psittacanthus angustifolius Kuijt (Loranthaceae) is a common parasite of pines in Honduras (2). In March we observed this mistletoe parasitizing a pine that Farjon and Styles (1) have classified as Pinus tecunumanii Eguiluz & J. P. Perry 4 km south of Jitotol, Chiapas, Mexico. The taxonomy of this host in Chiapas is controversial as Perry (3) classifies the Chiapas populations of this pine as Pinus oocarpa var. ochoterenai Martinez. We also observed P. angustifolius on P. oocarpa Schiede 4 km north of Jitotol. In addition, we found this mistletoe parasitizing Pinus maximinoi H. E. Moore approximately 15 km west of Ocosingo, Chiapas. In Guatemala, we observed P. angustifolius on P. oocarpa at several locations north and south of La Cumbre, Department Baja Verapaz. This mistletoe appears to be less common in Chiapas and Guatemala than it is in Honduras. We did not observe this mistletoe damaging its pine hosts in Mexico or Guatemala. This is the first report of P. angustifolius in both Mexico and Guatemala and the first report of this mistletoe on Pinus tecunumanii (or Pinus oocarpa var. ochoterenai). Specimens of P. angustifolius from the above pine hosts have been deposited at the Deaver Herbarium, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff. References: (1) A. Farjon and B. Styles. Pinus (Pinaceae), Flora Neotropica, Monogr. 75, New York Botanical Garden, 1997. (2) Mathiasen et al. Plant Dis. 84:203, 2000. (3) J. Perry. The Pines of Mexico and Central America, Timber Press, Portland, Oregon, 1991

scholarly journals First Report of Cryptocline taxicola Infecting Pacific Yew (Taxus brevifolia) in Eastern North America

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (8) ◽  
pp. 922-922 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Vujanovic ◽  
Marc St-Arnaud
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
The United States ◽  
Taxus Baccata ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
Taxus Brevifolia ◽  
Rock Outcrops ◽  
First Report

To our knowledge, this is the first report of Cryptocline taxicola (Allesch.) Petrak (Coelomycetes) on Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia Nuttall) and the first observation of the fungus infecting living needles. C. taxicola is known to occur on needles of Taxus baccata in Europe (on T. baccata var. fastigiata) and North America (Vermont) (on T. baccata var. canadensis) (2). In August 1999 and 2000, chlorotic and necrotic current and second-year needles of Pacific yew were observed to have fruiting bodies, sometimes greater than 400 per needle, on the upper surface. Acervuli were circular to subcircular, yellowish, surrounded by brown circles, subcuticular to intraepidermal, at first covered, later exposed by the fissure of the cuticule, and 150 to 350 μm wide. Hyphae in host tissue were septate, brownish, and 3 to 4.5 μm in diameter. Conidiophores were phialidic, cylindrical, hyaline, 10 to 20 × 2.5 to 4.5 μm. Mature conidia were ellipsoidal to oval, truncate at the base, obtuse at the apex, hyaline to slightly pigmented, 8 to 17 × 4 to 5 μm. From these symptomatic needles, C. taxicola was often isolated (>85%) on potato dextrose agar. Koch's postulates were completed for C. taxicola by spraying current-year living needles, on one twig of each of separate plants (five) of T. brevifolia with a conidial suspension of 4 × 103 conidia per ml. Five control twigs were sprayed with sterile, distilled water. Twigs were covered with black sterile plastic bags and incubated outdoors for 24 h, when the bags were removed. Within 3 weeks, inoculated needles exhibited chlorotic and necrotic symptoms similar to those originally observed, but symptoms were never observed on control twigs. The fungus was reisolated (91%) only from the symptomatic needles. T. brevifolia trees growing in the Montreal Botanical Garden (Quebec, Canada) are clones originating from the Pacific Coast of the United States. We found that Pacific yew was colonized more frequently on the dry rock outcrops in the Alpine and Chinese Garden tree plantations. We believe that inappropriate stand selection, unfavorable humid conditions, and a thin organic soil layer may predispose Pacific yew to infection by this fungal species. A similar effect has been reported in Europe (1) for Cryptocline pseudotsugae causing serious levels of disease in a Pseudotsuga menziesii plantations. References: (1) T. L. Cech. Forstschutz Aktuell. 25:13, 2000. (2) G. Morgan-Jones. Can. J. Bot. 51:309, 1973.

scholarly journals First report of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causing white rot of marigold in Punjab, India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pankaj Kumar ◽  
Shikha Sharma ◽  
Ranjit Singh ◽  
Parminder Singh ◽  
Ankush Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
White Rot ◽  
First Report

Changes of EPR Spectra of Wood Impregnated with Copper-Based Preservatives during Exposure to Several Wood-Rotting Fungi

Holzforschung ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Humar ◽  
M. Petrič ◽  
F. Pohleven ◽  
M. Šentjurc ◽  
P. Kalan
Keyword(s):  
Schizophyllum Commune ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Gloeophyllum Trabeum ◽  
Nutrient Media ◽  
Paramagnetic Resonance ◽  
Copper Oxalate ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Electron Paramagnetic

SummaryThe tolerance of various fungi against copper was examined. For this purpose, we impregnated Norway spruce (Picea abies) specimens with two different aqueous solutions: copper(II) octanoate with ethanolamine or copper(II) sulfate (cCu= 1.0 × 10−2mol/l). Impregnated and unimpregnated test specimens were then exposed to brown rot fungiAntrodia vaillantiiandGloeophyllum trabeumor to white-rot fungiSchizophyllum communeandTrametes versicolor. After 2, 4, 6 and 12 weeks of exposure Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and mass loss measurements were performed. The results indicate thatA. vaillantii, G. trabeumandT. versicolortransform copper(II) sulfate in wood into non-soluble, and therefore non-toxic, copper oxalate. The intensity of this reaction depends on the amount of excreted oxalic acid and was the highest forA. vaillantiiand the lowest forT. versicolor. In the presence of ethanolamine, formation of insoluble copper oxalate was not possible and therefore, decay could not proceed. The major portion of copper remained in the wood and only minor amounts were in some cases translocated into nutrient media.

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