scholarly journals Reconstruction of the Human Hand Functional Structure Based On a Magnetomyogram

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 480-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.N. Ustinin ◽  
S.D. Rykunov ◽  
M.A. Polikarpov ◽  
A.Y. Yurenya ◽  
S.P. Naurzakov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Human Muscle ◽  
Functional Structure ◽  
Human Hand ◽  
Muscle System ◽  
Spectral Components ◽  
Clenched Hand ◽  
Massive Solution ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Fourier Transform

The new method of magnetomyography data analysis is proposed. The method is based on the Fourier transform of prolonged time series and on the massive solution of the inverse problem for all spectral components. For the method testing the following experiment was proposed. The subject clenched and relaxed the hand for five minutes, holding the handle, fixed on the table. Magnetomyograms were registered near the hand using the 7-channel SQUID-magnetometer based on the axial second-order gradiometers. The subject and experimental setup were placed inside a thick-walled aluminum camera, designed for shielding from an alternating electromagnetic field. No shielding from static magnetic field was used. Magnetomyograms with amplitude 20 picoTesla were registered in broad frequency band (up to 500 Hz), signal to noise ratio was more than 20. After filtering and extracting of clench/relax periods two synthetic 135 seconds myograms were formed. The multichannel spectra were calculated, and the functional tomograms were estimated. In case of the relaxed hand, no significant object was reconstructed. In case of the clenched hand, the 3D-object was extracted, representing the functional structure of the muscles, tensed in this experiment. The method can be used for diagnostics and study of the human muscle system.

scholarly journals Reconstruction of the Human Heart Functional Structure Based On a Few-Channel Magnetocardiogram

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 392-401
Author(s):  
M.N. Ustinin ◽  
Yu.V. Maslennikov ◽  
S.D. Rykunov ◽  
V.A. Krymov
Keyword(s):  
Human Heart ◽  
Functional Structure ◽  
Magnetic Shielding ◽  
Problem Solution ◽  
Magnetic Dipoles ◽  
Inverse Problem Solution ◽  
Spectral Components ◽  
Measured Information ◽  
The Fourier Transform ◽  
Usual Laboratory

The new method of magnetocardiography data analysis is proposed. The method is based on the Fourier transform of prolonged time series and on the massive inverse problem solution for all spectral components. Magnetocardiograms (MCG) were registered in the plane above the subject’s chest in the nodes of the “rectangular” (6×6) grid with the step 40 mm at usual laboratory conditions without any additional magnetic shielding. The 9-channel MCG-system “MAG-SCAN-09” with dc-SQUID-based axial second order gradiometers was used. The MCG-recording was performed in four positions of investigated subjects under the instrument to get all 36 MCGs. For each of four positions of the MCG-recording the partial functional tomogram was calculated, which is the spatial distribution of elementary magnetic dipoles, observed in this position. The complete functional tomogram of the thorax was obtained by the summation of four partial functional tomograms, containing the data about the same object, observed from various positions. Filtering and contrasting of the complete functional tomogram made it possible to extract the 3D-object, representing the functional structure of the heart. The method was used for five subjects and provided consistent results. It is possible to use this method in cardiography, because the functional tomogram contains all measured information about individual heart.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Human Hand ◽  
Theoretical Context ◽  
Critical Questions ◽  
Central Set ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Selection Of

The Introduction provides an overview of the central questions and the theoretical framework of the book. Since the early 1990s in Europe and the United States many artists critically re-appropriated religious, motifs, themes and images to produce works that cannot qualify as ‘religious,’ but remains in a dialogue with the visual legacy of mostly the Western, and more specifically the Catholic, version of Christianity. Present-day art does not embed religious images to celebrate them, but in order to pose critical questions concerning central aspects of the rules that regulate the status of images, their public significance, the conditions of their production and authorship, and their connection to an origin or tradition, a context or an author that guarantees their value. The motif of the true image or acheiropoietos (not made by a human hand) is related to central set of features that allow distinguishing between regimes or eras of the image. Its transformations provide a conceptual matrix for understanding of the reconfiguring relationships between art and religion. The introduction provides an overview of the theoretical context, the selection of artworks, bibliography on the subject and the chapters of the book.

Muscle, Connective Tissue, and Neonatal Disorders

2019 ◽  
pp. 425-467
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Fragile X ◽  
Genetic Disorders ◽  
Human Muscle ◽  
Muscle System ◽  
Anchor Points ◽  
Ellis Van Creveld Syndrome ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
And Cartilage ◽  
Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressive

The skeleton provides the framework and anchor points against which muscles, attached via tendons, can exert force. Three types of cells are involved in making bone: osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and cartilage. The human muscle system is made up of three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. The neonate period of life is the first 4 weeks after the birth of an infant. This chapter presents 11 genetic disorders that affect muscles, connective tissue, and newborns. These include achondroplasia, Charcot-Marie tooth syndrome, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, Ellis-Van Creveld syndrome, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Marfan syndrome, fibrodysplasia ossificans progressive, myotonic dystrophy, Angelman syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, fragile-X syndrome, and Waardenburg syndrome.

scholarly journals The Resolution in X-ray Crystallography and Single-Particle Cryogenic Electron Microscopy

Crystals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 580
Author(s):  
Victor R.A. Dubach ◽  
Albert Guskov
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Single Particle ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Particle Analysis ◽  
Biological Macromolecules ◽  
Single Particle Analysis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Crystallography ◽  
The Fourier Transform

X-ray crystallography and single-particle analysis cryogenic electron microscopy are essential techniques for uncovering the three-dimensional structures of biological macromolecules. Both techniques rely on the Fourier transform to calculate experimental maps. However, one of the crucial parameters, resolution, is rather broadly defined. Here, the methods to determine the resolution in X-ray crystallography and single-particle analysis are summarized. In X-ray crystallography, it is becoming increasingly more common to include reflections discarded previously by traditionally used standards, allowing for the inclusion of incomplete and anisotropic reflections into the refinement process. In general, the resolution is the smallest lattice spacing given by Bragg’s law for a particular set of X-ray diffraction intensities; however, typically the resolution is truncated by the user during the data processing based on certain parameters and later it is used during refinement. However, at which resolution to perform such a truncation is not always clear and this makes it very confusing for the novices entering the structural biology field. Furthermore, it is argued that the effective resolution should be also reported as it is a more descriptive measure accounting for anisotropy and incompleteness of the data. In single particle cryo-EM, the situation is not much better, as multiple ways exist to determine the resolution, such as Fourier shell correlation, spectral signal-to-noise ratio and the Fourier neighbor correlation. The most widely accepted is the Fourier shell correlation using a threshold of 0.143 to define the resolution (so-called “gold-standard”), although it is still debated whether this is the correct threshold. Besides, the resolution obtained from the Fourier shell correlation is an estimate of varying resolution across the density map. In reality, the interpretability of the map is more important than the numerical value of the resolution.

scholarly journals Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Astronomical Fourier Transform Spectroscopy

1988 ◽  
Vol 132 ◽  
pp. 71-78
Author(s):  
J. P. Maillard
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
High Resolution Spectroscopy ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Array Detectors ◽  
Noise Ratio ◽  
The Fourier Transform ◽  
Large Telescopes ◽  
Very High

The multiplex properties of the Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) can be considered as disadvantageous with modern detectors and large telescopes, the dominant noise source being no longer in most applications the detector noise. Nevertheless, a FTS offers a gain in information and other instrumental features remain: flexibility in choosing resolving power up to very high values, large throughput, essential in high–resolution spectroscopy with large telescopes, metrologic accuracy, automatic substraction of parasitic background. The signal–to–noise ratio in spectra can also be improved: by limiting the bandwidth with cold filters or even cold dispersers, by matching the instrument to low background foreoptics and high–image quality telescopes. The association with array detectors provides the solution for the FTS to regain its full multiplex advantage.

The phase problem in scattering phenomena: the zeros of entire functions and their significance

1978 ◽  
Vol 360 (1700) ◽  
pp. 25-45 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Entire Functions ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Phase Problem ◽  
Distribution Of Zeros ◽  
Real Zeros ◽  
Zeros Of Entire Functions ◽  
Functions Of Exponential Type ◽  
Zeros Of Functions ◽  
The Fourier Transform ◽  
Complex Zeros

The paper outlines an approach to the calculation of the phase from intensity data based on the properties of the distribution of zeros of functions of exponential type. This leads to a reinterpretation of such phenomena as Gibbs’ or speckle, which underlines their intrinsic unity. The phase problem is solved for functions which present complex zeros by apodization, i.e. by creating a sufficiently large zero-free area. The method is based on a compromise between signal to noise ratio and resolution and is meaningful provided the apodization required is not too severe. Real zeros, for which the phase problem is trivial, occur only for the special case of eigenfunctions of the Fourier transform

New Cell for the Fourier Transform Raman Analysis of Fiber and Textile Samples

1994 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
pp. 813-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S. Church ◽  
Ashley S. Davie ◽  
David W. James ◽  
Wah-Hing Leong ◽  
Daryl J. Tucker
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Synthetic Fiber ◽  
Spectral Quality ◽  
Raman Analysis ◽  
Sample Spectrum ◽  
Ft Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Cell Window ◽  
The Fourier Transform ◽  
Fourier Transform Raman ◽  
Ft Raman

A new cell has been developed for the measurement of fiber and textile samples using FT-Raman spectroscopy. It improves the strength of the signal over that of conventional solid cells by the compression of the samples to be analyzed and the use of a mirror to reflect scattered radiation back out of the cell and into the collection lens of the spectrometer. The new cell also eliminates the problem of cell window material interfering with the sample spectrum, since the laser passes through a windowless aperture to reach the sample. This consideration is particularly important when spectra are being obtained from weakly scattering samples. The design, optimization, and use of the new cell are presented. The performance of the new cell in terms of improvements in signal-to-noise ratio and elimination of spectral artifacts is compared to that of other conventional sampling techniques. Significant improvements in spectral quality were obtained from both natural and synthetic fiber and textile samples.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of power spectrum estimation methods

2010 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gintarė Petreikytė ◽  
Kazys Kazlauskas
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Power Spectrum ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Frequency Resolution ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Spectrum Estimation ◽  
Parametric Methods ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Power Spectrum Estimation ◽  
The Subject

The subject of this paper is the comparative analysis of the eleven most important nonparametric, parametric and subspace power spectrum estimation methods. Theoretically and experimentally we analyse how the frequency resolution of the spectrum estimation methods depends on the signal length, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the order parametric methods.

scholarly journals EMG-Based Spasticity Robotic Arm Forupper Arm Fatigue Identification

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2.34) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Abdul Malik Mohd Ali ◽  
Syed Faiz Ahmed ◽  
Athar Ali ◽  
M Kamran Joyo ◽  
Kushairy A. Kadir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Human Muscle ◽  
Robotic Arm ◽  
Motor Unit Action Potential ◽  
Recording Electrode ◽  
Emg Signal ◽  
Motor Unit Action ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Last Stage ◽  
Unit Action

Electromyogram (EMG) signal reflect the electrical activity of human muscle and contains information about the structure of muscle. Furthermore, motor unit action potential (MUAP) is the results from spatial and temporal summation of difference muscle fibers of a single motor. The EMG signal results, in turn is from the summation of different MUAPs which are sufficiently near the recording electrode. EMG signal can identify the differences between signals from bicep, triceps and forearms during exercise. Raw data from the experiment is vital to assist physiotherapy to understand when the subject fatigue of noise high pick signal during rehabilitation. Several normal subjects were selected to perform experiments to understand the pattern of fatigue in early state, middle stage and last stage of exercises. 

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