scholarly journals Rhizosphere effects of overstory tree and understory shrub species in central subtropical plantations—A case study at Qianyanzhou, Taihe, Jiangxi, China

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 723-733
Author(s):  
MO Xue-Li ◽  
◽  
DAI Xiao-Qin ◽  
WANG Hui-Min ◽  
FU Xiao-Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shrub Species ◽  
Rhizosphere Effects ◽  
Overstory Tree

scholarly journals Urbanization may reduce the risk of frost damage to spring flowers: A case study of two shrub species in South Korea

PLoS ONE ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. e0191428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyeon-Ju Gim ◽  
Chang-Hoi Ho ◽  
Jinwon Kim ◽  
Eun Ju Lee
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Shrub Species

scholarly journals Woody neotropical streetscapes: a case study of tree and shrub species richness and composition in Xalapa

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ina Falfán ◽  
Ian MacGregor-Fors
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Shrub Species ◽  
Cupressus Lusitanica ◽  
Ficus Benjamina ◽  
Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis ◽  
Buxus Microphylla ◽  
Bougainvillea Glabra

El proceso de urbanización va más allá del remplazo de sistemas preexistentes, transformando el terreno de tal forma que representa amenazas ecológicas preocupantes. En estos nuevos sistemas, la vegetación original es removida o remplazada con una combinación de especies nativas y exóticas. Este trabajo se enfocó en generar una lista de especies actualizada de los árboles y arbustos del paisaje urbano de Xalapa (Veracruz, México), describiendo la proporción de especies nativas y exóticas. Para ello, se utilizó un enfoque de ciudad completa comprendida por una retícula de 106 sitios de muestreo. Se registró un total de 140 especies de árboles y arbustos, de los cuales 32 no habían sido registrados anteriormente para la ciudad. Las especies exóticas representaron más de la mitad de las especies registradas, las cuales en conjunto con las especies nativas estuvieron distribuidas de forma desigual a lo largo y ancho de la ciudad. Las especies más frecuentes fueron: laurel de la India (Ficus benjamina), tulipán chino (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis), buganvilia (Bougainvillea glabra), azalea (Rhododendron sp.), cedro blanco (Cupressus lusitanica) y boj de hoja pequeña (Buxus microphylla). Es notable que los sitios en los que no se registró ninguna especie de árbol o arbusto estuvieron localizados cerca del centro histórico de la ciudad, así como en sus periferias. Los resultados de este trabajo deben ser considerados cuidadosamente, ya que la distribución desigual de la diversidad de plantas en áreas urbanas puede comprometer los beneficios que provee la vegetación a los habitantes, así como sus funciones ecológicas.

scholarly journals Vegetation structure and floristic composition (Case study: Mala Galeh Protected area, Fars Province, Iran)

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-544
Author(s):  
Leila Leiili Moradipour ◽  
Hasan Pourbabaei ◽  
Ahmad Hatami
Keyword(s):  
Protected Area ◽  
Floristic Composition ◽  
Fars Province ◽  
Herbaceous Species ◽  
Shrub Species ◽  
Stick Model ◽  
Quercus Brantii ◽  
Asteraceae Family ◽  
Sampling Plot

Identifying flora of each region is fundamental for accomplishing other pure and applied researches in biology. Especially, in the ecological conditions of protected area of Male Gale. Data were collected in 96 sampling plots using systematic­_ random method. The size of sampling plot was 20 m × 50 m for the tree and shrub species, and 8 m × 8 m for herbaceous species. In this study area, 162 species, 122 genera and 43 families were identified. The largest families were Asteraceae (26 species) and Fabaceae (25 species). The frequency of Asteraceae may be due to grazing in some areas of the region. The life form spectrum includes: Hemichryptophytes (14/01 %), Therophytes (65/4 %), Cryptophytes (76/9 %), Chamaephytes (7.1 %) and Phanerophytes (5.8 %). The abundance of Therophytes and Asteraceae family is refered to destruction of forests in the study area. The highest value of the SIV tree and shrub species layer belong to Quercus brantii species and ZIziphus Mummularia. The highest value of the FIV herbaceous layer belong to Asteraceae family. The Species Important Value (SIV) of vegetation cover indicated that tree, shrubs species and herbaceous species had geometric distribution, broken stick model and lognormal distribution in this area.

Invasive shrub removal benefits native plants in an eastern deciduous forest of North America

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-10
Author(s):  
Erynn Maynard-Bean ◽  
Margot Kaye
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Plant Diversity ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Native Plants ◽  
Tree Regeneration ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Shrub Species ◽  
Invasive Shrub ◽  
Overstory Tree ◽  
Sampling Approach

AbstractIn eastern deciduous forests of North America, invasive shrubs are increasing in richness and abundance at the expense of native species across taxa. Invasive shrubs create an understory that is more dense than both recent and historical preinvasion conditions. Interest in invasive shrub removal to restore native habitat is growing, but our understanding of natural regeneration following treatment of a diverse invasive shrub community is lagging. Using an invasive shrub removal experiment, we provide insight into the effect of repeated removal of a suite of 18 invasive shrub species dominated by border privet (Ligustrum obtusifolium Siebold & Zucc.). In 2009, invasive shrubs were removed from five 20-m-diameter treatment plots, each with a paired control plot. Seven years later, we find an increase in plant diversity, native understory species abundance, and overstory tree species regeneration for individuals under a meter in height. For plants 1 to 4 m in height, the removal treatment has a positive effect on understory woody species, but there has been no change in regenerating overstory trees. A lack of overstory tree regeneration to greater heights is not surprising, given the time frame and the closed-canopy conditions. However, other factors, such as white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimmermann) browse, could be serving as an impediment to taller tree regeneration in the forest understory. An ambient sampling approach in unmanaged, invaded, and uninvaded forest has been used in other studies to estimate the potential impacts of invasive shrub species to native plant communities. However, in this study the ambient sampling approach underestimated the impacts of invasive shrubs compared to their experimental removal. Overall, invasive shrub removal increased plant diversity and allowed passive natural regeneration of native plants that exceeded native cover in the unmanaged, ambient forest under minimal invasive shrub abundance.

Separating reflectance signatures of shrub species - a case study in the Central Greater Caucasus

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 304-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja Magiera ◽  
Hannes Feilhauer ◽  
Nato Tephnadze ◽  
Rainer Waldhardt ◽  
Annette Otte
Keyword(s):  
Shrub Species ◽  
Greater Caucasus

scholarly journals Classifying Individual Shrub Species in UAV Images—A Case Study of the Gobi Region of Northwest China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 4995
Author(s):  
Zhipeng Li ◽  
Jie Ding ◽  
Heyu Zhang ◽  
Yiming Feng
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Type ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Northwest China ◽  
Spectral Indices ◽  
Species Classification ◽  
Shrub Species ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Surrounding Areas

Shrublands are the main vegetation component in the Gobi region and contribute considerably to its ecosystem. Accurately classifying individual shrub vegetation species to understand their spatial distributions and to effectively monitor species diversity in the Gobi ecosystem is essential. High-resolution remote sensing data create vegetation type inventories over large areas. However, high spectral similarity between shrublands and surrounding areas remains a challenge. In this study, we provide a case study that integrates object-based image analysis (OBIA) and the random forest (RF) model to classify shrubland species automatically. The Gobi region on the southern slope of the Tian Shan Mountains in Northwest China was analyzed using readily available unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) RGB imagery (1.5 cm spatial resolution). Different spectral and texture index images were derived from UAV RGB images as variables for species classification. Principal component analysis (PCA) extracted features from different types of variable sets (original bands, original bands + spectral indices, and original bands + spectral indices + texture indices). We tested the ability of several non-parametric decision tree models and different types of variable sets to classify shrub species. Moreover, we analyzed three main shrubland areas comprising different shrub species and compared the prediction accuracies of the optimal model in combination with different types of variable sets. We found that the RF model could generate higher accuracy compared with the other two models. The best results were obtained using a combination of the optimal variable set and the RF model with an 88.63% overall accuracy and 0.82 kappa coefficient. Integrating OBIA and RF in the species classification process provides a promising method for automatic mapping of individual shrub species in the Gobi region and can reduce the workload of individual shrub species classification.

scholarly journals Identification and Introduction of Chemical Compounds in Essential Oil of Cionura Erecta Shrub Species )Case Study: Chahartagh Forest Reserve - Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari Province)

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 62-71
Author(s):  
fereshteh moradian fard ◽  
kambiz taheri abkenar ◽  
abouzar heidari safari kouchi ◽  
yaghoob iran manesh ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Shrub Species ◽  
Forest Reserve

scholarly journals What Factors Guide the Selection of Medicinal Plants in a Local Pharmacopoeia? A Case Study in a Rural Community from a Historically Transformed Atlantic Forest Landscape

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taline Cristina da Silva ◽  
Josilene Marinho da Silva ◽  
Marcelo Alves Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Rural Community ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Forest Landscape ◽  
Herbaceous Species ◽  
Shrub Species ◽  
Trees And Shrubs ◽  
Selection Of

The criteria that local people use for selecting medicinal plants have been a recurrent topic in pharmacology and ethnobotany. Two of the current hypotheses regarding this phenomenon, ecological apparency and diversification, attempt to explain the inclusion of “apparent” and “non-apparent” and native and exotic taxa, respectively, in local pharmacopoeia. This study addresses the following questions: Do “apparent” and “non-apparent” medicinal plants have the same importance in local pharmacopoeia? Do “non-apparent” plants occupy more local categories of diseases than “apparent” plants? Do native and exotic medicinal plants have the same importance? Do exotic and native plants occupy different local categories of diseases? This study was conducted with householders of a community from Northeastern Brazil. Out of the 66 plant species cited, most were herbs (39 species), followed by trees and shrubs (27). Herbaceous species also occupied more local categories of diseases (51) than tree and shrub species (28). Furthermore, most of the species cited by the informants were exotic (42). Out of the 94 therapeutic applications cited in this research, 65 were treated with exotic species and 29 with native species, distributed among 13 body systems. These results support both the hypotheses of ecological apparency and diversification.

scholarly journals Landscape-level Biodiversity Assessment in Plantation Forests of Northern Portugal with the Fuzzy-logic Approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marija Cosovic ◽  
Peter Biber ◽  
Miguel Bugalho ◽  
Brigite Botequim ◽  
Jose Borges
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Forest Management ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Shrub Species ◽  
Biodiversity Indicators ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Fuzzy Logic Approach ◽  
Logic Approach

Motivation and objective: Because biodiversity conservation in forest management planning is necessary for ensuring regular ecosystem functioning, resilience and sustainability, the specific objective of this research was to quantify biodiversity at the landscape level in a forest plantation. Case study: Vale de Sousa, Forest Intervention Zone (ZIF), is located in the North of Portugal. ZIFs were formed all over the county with the objective to prevent forest fires, desertification and the abandonment of rural areas. The total case study area is 14.773 ha, mainly covered by plantation forests. The predominant forest species are maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) and blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus) either as pure or mixed stands. Methods:Fuzzy-logic system can serve as a platform for bundling expert knowledge on estimating ecosystem services provision and examining the consequences of contradictory expert views. The method was used to evaluate biodiversity as was recently proposed and demonstrated by Biber et al. (2018) in the context of the European Union (EU) project ALTERFOR (Alternative models and robust decision-making for future forest management - https://www.alterfor-project.eu/key-facts.html). In this study, we applied a fuzzy-logic approach for testing three biodiversity indicators: resident birds, heterogeneity of tree species diameter, and tree and shrub species richness. This approach generates scores for the rotation period of each plantation species between 0 (very low) and 1 (very high) for biodiversity categories. It also allows qualitative value rules regarding the above indicators. Scores are established according to stakeholder’s knowledge and validated by experts. Initially, the scores for each indicator are expressed as coloured matrices, but a final fuzzy output of biodiversity is expressed as a score between 0 and 1. Results: Our fuzzy outputs demonstrated low scores for biodiversity in monoculture stands, but medium scores in mixed stands. Tree and shrub species richness and diameter heterogeneity have low scores in analysed plantations but need to be tested in other forest types. However, the score for resident birds had medium values in monoculture forests, but due to the low score of the other biodiversity indicators, the overall biodiversity score is low. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that monocultures have the lowest score for biodiversity due to the zero level of all biodiversity indicators after the clear cut. Mixed stands have different periods of clear cut and this contributes to a higher score for biodiversity in general (fuzzy output). The fuzzy-logic approach is a very useful tool that may contribute to include biodiversity conservation in forest management decisions. This approach can be potentially used for the assessment of other biodiversity indicators (e.g. deadwood, large trees) in other forest types (including semi-natural and natural forests).

The Genesis and Internal Dynamics of El Salvador's People's Revolutionary Army, 1970–1976

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (01) ◽  
pp. 102-129
Author(s):  
ALBERTO MARTÍN ÁLVAREZ ◽  
EUDALD CORTINA ORERO
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
El Salvador ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Internal Dynamics ◽  
Internal Coherence ◽  
The 1960S

AbstractUsing interviews with former militants and previously unpublished documents, this article traces the genesis and internal dynamics of the Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (People's Revolutionary Army, ERP) in El Salvador during the early years of its existence (1970–6). This period was marked by the inability of the ERP to maintain internal coherence or any consensus on revolutionary strategy, which led to a series of splits and internal fights over control of the organisation. The evidence marshalled in this case study sheds new light on the origins of the armed Salvadorean Left and thus contributes to a wider understanding of the processes of formation and internal dynamics of armed left-wing groups that emerged from the 1960s onwards in Latin America.

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