scholarly journals Nima Yushij's Phoenix: From Romanticism to the First Modern Persian Poetry

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 318
Author(s):  
Muhammad Hussein Oroskhan ◽  
Elham Mahmoudi
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Decisive Factor ◽  
Persian Poetry ◽  
Constitutional Revolution ◽  
Plausible Reason ◽  
The Revolution

The beginning of twentieth century is marked by the Constitutional Revolution in Iran. Alongside the revolution, sweeping changes were brought about in every aspects of Iranian society. Undeniably, these extensive changes affected the literature of time. With respect to Persian poetry, Nima Yushij stamped a new pattern on Persian poetry and released it from its long-standing tradition. The plausible reason explaining Yushij's innovation has remained an enigma for literary scholars. Nonetheless, Yushij's attachment to Romanticism can be analyzed to clarify the ambiguous realm behind Yushij's big step for the modernization of Persian poetry. As such, Morse Peckham's theory of Romanticism which is subdivided into four consecutive stages is recruited to encapsulate Yushij's progress in Romanticism. Studying Yushij with respect to these stages proves that Yushij's Phoenix previously dismissed as a romantic poem is indeed Yushij's culmination of Romanticism. Eventually, this is concluded that Yushij reaching the pinnacle of Romanticism in Phoenix has been a decisive factor in creating a new path for Persian poetry.

The Legal Status of Religious Minorities: Imāmī Shī'ī Law and Iran's Constitutional Revolution

2003 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 376-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Tsadik
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Religious Minorities ◽  
Constitutional Revolution ◽  
The Revolution

AbstractThis study investigates the extent to which the laws of Iran's Constitutional Revolution mark a break with Islam with regard to the legal status of religious minorities as reflected in the writings of some eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Imāmī Shī ī ulamā . Whereas Shī ī law usually treated religious minorities and Shī īs differentially, some—but not all—of the Revolutionary enactments treat religious minorities as the equals of Muslims. I conclude that the legal status of some religious minorities improved only somewhat during the Revolution as compared to their status under Shī ī law. The two-faced nature of the Revolution's enactments echoes the rival forces at work. The controversy over whether religious minorities should be treated as equals was legal in nature, but no less a dispute over the orientation of Iranian society.

“Deeds, Not Words”: Right-Wing Terrorism in Twentieth-Century Europe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Schmidt ◽  
Michael Sturm
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Decisive Factor ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
The Political ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Central Characteristic ◽  
Twentieth Century Europe

This chapter focuses on the manifestations and characteristics of right-wing terrorism in twentieth-century Europe, particularly on developments in Germany and Italy. When viewed from a comparative perspective, a central characteristic for right-wing terrorism is the Tatglaube, the faith in deeds. Although the worldview justifying such terrorism is grounded in racism, ethnocentrism, and nationalistic concepts of superiority, the decisive factor is violence as an end in itself, a violence that generally forgoes any justifying pattern of argument and strives to annihilate the enemy physically. The repertoire of actions taken and the formulized language of right-wing terrorism have remained largely unchanged throughout the twists and turns of twentieth-century history. Nevertheless, it is possible to differentiate various phases of right-wing terrorism, which were also influenced, in turn, by the political and societal environment. Despite the ethnocentric and nationalistic worldview from which this terrorism springs, it also becomes evident here that right-wing terrorism has always been marked by transnational influences, particularly since the end of the twentieth century.

scholarly journals Page Composing and Lettering Games: Experimentation in Italy in the 1930s

Authorship ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Bonciarelli
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Visual Culture ◽  
Reading Public ◽  
Book Design ◽  
Page Layout ◽  
Middlebrow Literature ◽  
The Revolution

The objective of this article is to analyze how or in what ways the most advanced visual experiments centred on “the book” as an object in the period between 1900 and 1930 in Italy, in particular in relation to the development of middlebrow literature. The article’s hypothesis is that the revolution brought about by Futurism soon touched on literature intended for a middlebrow reading public, attracted and interested by the paratextual presentation of the book and its physical aspects. This article focuses in particular on changes in page layout and on lettering games in paratextuality, to give a precise idea of how strong the thrust of Futurism was and how book design affected the visual culture of the beginning of the twentieth century in Italy.

The Civil Service

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vernon Bogdanor
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Civil Service ◽  
Public Utilities ◽  
The Public ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Revolution

This chapter examines the history of the civil service in Great Britain. It suggests that the revolution in Whitehall during the last two decades of the twentieth century transformed the civil service, and that many of the public utilities nationalised by the post-war Attlee government were privatised. Other major changes include the reduction in the size of the civil service and the application of market disciplines to it.

Returning to the Roots

2021 ◽  
pp. 121-165
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Shams
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
The State ◽  
Islamic Republic ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Political Influences ◽  
Persian Poetry ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Village ◽  
Revolutionary Period ◽  
The Revolution

This chapter explores the enduring symbiosis between the village motif, social justice, and populist politics in Iran during the first three decades after the revolution. At first, it briefly highlights the evolution of the allegorical village in classical and contemporary Persian poetry. The focus will later be shifted towards the representation of the village in revolutionary poetry. We will see that it has remained a recurring motif in Persian poetry of the post-revolutionary period, employed by a variety of writers and state institutions for a range of means. As a symbol, it has been a conduit into which any ideology can be poured; the village allegory can be manipulated to both condemn and support the official politics of the state. The chapter examines the key socio-political influences behind the evolution of rural themes, the work of official poets, and the impact of the village on the cultural doctrine of the Islamic Republic.

Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Nerina Rustomji
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
American Literature ◽  
Online Media ◽  
Islamic History ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Persian Poetry ◽  
History Of ◽  
Time Region

The houri, the pure female companion of Islamic paradise, is a cosmic figure who has inspired interpreters across time, region, and language. The introduction presents the prevalence of the houri in print and online media and the vast and complex set of historical reflections about the houri. Houris appear in genres of Arabic theology and Arabic and Persian poetry, but they were also frequently found in English and American literature until the early twentieth century. The history of the houri is not an exclusively Islamic history. The Introduction also discusses theories about the houri’s origins and provides an overview of the chapters in the book.

Blok, Aleksander (БЛОК, АЛЕКСАНДР) (1880–1921)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick H. White
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Initial Response ◽  
October Revolution ◽  
Common People ◽  
Russian Symbolism ◽  
Red Army ◽  
The Common ◽  
Army Soldiers ◽  
Second Wave ◽  
The Revolution

One of Russia’s greatest twentieth-century poets, Aleksander Aleksandrovich Blok (1880–1921) was a representative of the ‘second wave’ of Russian Symbolists. Two books of poetry, Verses on a Beautiful Lady (1904) and Inadvertent Joy (1907), and his lyric drama, The Showbooth, staged in 1906, made him famous. Paradoxically, Blok began to openly mock his former Symbolist ideals after 1905, even as he was considered by many to be the leader of Russian Symbolism. In particular, Blok was concerned with the widening gulf between the common people and the intelligentsia. As his disillusionment deepened, his poetry was haunted by a sense of imminent catastrophe. Therefore, his initial response to the revolution of 1917 was positive, seeing in it an apocalyptic moment that would bring renewal and regeneration after a period of chaos and destruction. This idea was realized in his poem The Twelve (1918) which celebrates the October Revolution and placed Christ at the head of a gang of Red Army soldiers. Blok, however, soon realized that the Bolsheviks would not embody the revolutionary ideals that he wished to support, causing him to become disenchanted and deeply depressed. Blok only lived for another three and a half years, dying in August 1921.

Iranian Millenarianism and Demorcratic Thought in the 19th Century

1992 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan R. I. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Representative Government ◽  
English Revolution ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Constitutional Revolution ◽  
The Revolution

Between 1905 and 1911, Iranians were engaged in a protracted struggle over whether a constitutionalist regime would replace royal absolutism.1 Little in Iran's political culture before 1905 had hinted at this conflict before it broke out, and for the past thirty years historians have been seeking this genealogy for it. Most have searched among the papers of officials and diplomats, often examining unpublished or posthumously published manuscripts with little or no contemporary circulation, at least before the revolution,2 but we might get closer to its context if we look at what was going on outside the governmental elite. Here I will explore the growth of belief in representative government within an Iranian millenarian movement, the Bahai faith, in the last third of the 19th century, as an example of how the new ideas circulated that led to the conflict.3 Historians have noted a link between millenarianism and democratic or populist thought elsewhere, after all; for instance they have long recognized the importance of chiliastic ideas in e English Revolution of the 17th century. The republicanism of American dissidents and revolutionaries was also sometimes tinged with a civil millennialism. The Bahais of Iran, too, combined democratic rhetoric with millenarian imagery in the generation before the Constitutional Revolution.4

A Memoir on The Life and Poetical Works of Maliku’L-Shu‘arȃ’ Bahȃr

1972 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-168
Author(s):  
M.B. Loraine
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Persian Poetry ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Literary Circles

Persian poetry in the twentieth century is undergoing changes that would have been scarcely imaginable a century or even half a century ago. The dispute of ancients and moderns rages in Persian literary circles, and exponents of both traditional and modern styles are regarded as traitors by both sides. I should be foolhardy to join battle in this domestic struggle, and the purpose of this memoir is only that of setting on record the outlines of the life and poetical works of a poet generally regarded as the greatest Persia has seen for a long time.

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