Many HDL-microRNAs (miRNA) are well-characterized post-transcriptional regulators of inflammation, and are significantly increased on HDL with hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in humans and mice. Therefore, we hypothesize that inflammatory cells uniquely control their own gene expression through cellular miRNA export to HDL and then regulate recipient cell gene expression through HDL-mediated miRNA delivery. To test this hypothesis, we used high-throughput proteomics, Open Arrays, small RNA sequencing, and gene expression microarrays. Human monocytes (plasma elutriation) were differentiated into dendritic cells and multiple macrophage phenotypes. Each cell-type was incubated with pure reconstituted HDL (rHDL), which was then purified from culture media by apolipoprotein A-I immunoprecipitation after 24 h, and both cellular and HDL-miRNAs were profiled using TaqMan Open Arrays. Macrophages were found to export high levels of miRNAs to HDL that inhibit monocyte/macrophage differentiation (miR-146a, miR-223); however, monocytes were also found to export many miRNAs associated with differentiation, including miR-92a, miR-222, miR-17, miR-20a, miR106a, and miR-21. Furthermore, many miRNAs were found to be transcribed in inflammatory cells, but completely exported to HDL and not retained in the cell. Most interestingly, HDL treatment was found to induce miR-223 transcription in monocytes, as determined by primary miR-223 transcript levels; however, intracellular levels of the mature form (miR-223) did not change. These results suggest that HDL induces the export of miRNAs it transports. PAR-CLIP with high-throughput small RNA sequencing was used to demonstrate that miRNAs are transferred from macrophages to endothelial cells and loaded onto cellular Argonaute 2-continaining RNA-induced silencing complexes. To demonstrate this in mice, human HDL, containing endogenous levels of miR-223, were injected into miR-223-null mice and inflammation-associated miRNA delivery was mapped in vivo. In summary, we found profound differences in the cellular response to HDL treatment and HDL-miRNA communication amongst inflammatory cell phenotypes that are physiologically relevant to cardiovascular disease.
Multiple Viral Infections Detected in Phytophthora condilina by Total and Small RNA Sequencing