Mechanosensitive enteric neurons: incidence and abundance in the porcine submucosal plexus with ultrafast neuroimaging and immunhistochemical techniques v1 (protocols.io.bpcamise)

protocols.io ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gemma Mazzuoli ◽  
Kristin Elfers ◽  
Anna Katharina
Keyword(s):  
Enteric Neurons ◽  
Submucosal Plexus

scholarly journals Changes in Immunoreactivity of Sensory Substances within the Enteric Nervous System of the Porcine Stomach during Experimentally Induced Diabetes

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Bulc ◽  
Katarzyna Palus ◽  
Jarosław Całka ◽  
Łukasz Zielonka
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Porcine Model ◽  
Enteric Neurons ◽  
Submucosal Plexus ◽  
Chemical Coding ◽  
Chemically Induced ◽  
Calcitonin Gene ◽  
Enteric Plexus ◽  
Clear Increase

One of the most frequently reported disorders associated with diabetes is gastrointestinal (GI) disturbance. Although pathogenesis of these complications is multifactorial, the complicity of the enteric nervous system (ENS) in this respect has significant importance. Therefore, this paper analysed changes in substance P- (SP-), calcitonin gene-related peptide- (CGRP-), and leu5-enkephalin- (L-ENK-) like immunoreactivity (LI) in enteric stomach neurons caused by chemically induced diabetes in a porcine model. Using double immunofluorescent labelling, it was found that acute hyperglycaemia led to significant changes in the chemical coding of stomach enteric neurons. Generally, the response to artificially inducted diabetes depended on the “kind” of enteric plexus as well as the stomach region studied. A clear increase in the percentage of neurons immunoreactive to SP and CGRP was visible in the myenteric plexus (MP) in the antrum, corpus, and pylorus as well as in the submucosal plexus (SmP) in the corpus. For L-ENK, an increase in the number of L-ENK-LI neurons was observed in the MP of the antrum and SmP in the corpus, while in the MP of the corpus and pylorus, a decrease in the percentage of L-ENK-LI neurons was noted.

Cholera toxin-sensitive neurons in guinea pig submucosal plexus

1993 ◽  
Vol 264 (1) ◽  
pp. G86-G94 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Jiang ◽  
A. Kirchgessner ◽  
M. D. Gershon ◽  
A. Surprenant
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Cholera Toxin ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Enteric Neurons ◽  
Nerve Terminals ◽  
Submucosal Plexus ◽  
Direct Stimulation ◽  
Vascular Perfusion ◽  
B Subunit ◽  
Stimulation Of

Cholera toxin (CT) increases intestinal secretions by direct stimulation of mucosal enterocytes; enteric neurons also may play a role. We tested the latter possibility by retrograde labeling of mucosal terminals in guinea pig small intestine with the B subunit of CT (B-CT) and by intracellular recordings from submucosal neurons during superfusion with CT. All vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-positive neurons, and only VIP-positive neurons, were labeled with B-CT. Fluorogold (FG) was used to retrogradely label nerve terminals in submucosal arterioles in preparations in which B-CT labeled mucosal terminals; colocalization of B-CT with FG was observed in neurons up to 3 mm from the site of FG application. CT selectively depolarized neurons known to contain VIP. We conclude that all VIP-containing neurons, and only VIP neurons, in guinea pig submucosal plexus possess B-CT binding sites and can be activated by CT. Some of these neurons provide a dual innervation to both arterioles and mucosa. We suggest that one functional consequence of CT may be to activate vasodilator nerves, thus increasing vascular perfusion of the mucosa to further stimulate intestinal secretions.

“SPARC” Neurochemical Profile of Enteric Neurons in the Inner and Outer Submucosal Plexus of The Ascending and Descending Colon of Adult Pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Luis Cabanillas ◽  
Maurizio Mazzoni ◽  
Filippo Caremoli ◽  
Karla Ibarra ◽  
Giulia Lattanzio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enteric Neurons ◽  
Submucosal Plexus ◽  
Neurochemical Profile ◽  
Descending Colon

Toxin B ofClostridium difficileactivates human VIP submucosal neurons, in part via an IL-1β-dependent pathway

2003 ◽  
Vol 285 (5) ◽  
pp. G1049-G1055 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Neunlist ◽  
J. Barouk ◽  
K. Michel ◽  
I. Just ◽  
T. Oreshkova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Level ◽  
Neuron Specific Enolase ◽  
Human Colon ◽  
Optical Recording ◽  
Enteric Neurons ◽  
Submucosal Plexus ◽  
Excitatory Effect ◽  
Toxin B ◽  
Fos Expression ◽  
Dependent Pathway

This study investigated whether toxin B of Clostridium difficile can activate human submucosal neurons and the involved pathways. Isolated segments of human colon were placed in organ culture for 3 h in the presence of toxin B or IL-1β. Whole mounts of internal submucosal plexus were stained with antibodies against c-Fos, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and substance P (SP). The membrane potential (Vm) response of submucosal neurons to local application of toxin B and IL-1β was determined by a multisite optical recording technique. Toxin B (0.1 to 10 ng/ml) increased the proportion of c-Fos-positive neurons dose dependently compared with the control. In the presence of toxin B (10 ng/ml), most c-Fos-positive neurons were immunoreactive for VIP (79.8 ± 22.5%) but only 19.4 ± 14.0% for SP. Toxin B induced a rapid rise in IL-1β mRNA level and a sixfold increase in IL-1β protein in supernatant after 3 h of incubation. c-Fos expression induced by toxin B was reduced dose dependently by IL-1 receptor antagonist (0.1-10 ng/ml). IL-1β significantly increased c-Fos expression in submucosal neurons compared with the control (34.2 ± 10.1 vs. 5.1 ± 1.3% of NSE neurons). Microejection of toxin B had no effect on the Vmof enteric neurons. Evidence of a direct excitatory effect of IL-1β on Vmwas detected in a minority of enteric neurons. Therefore, toxin B of C. difficile activates VIP-positive submucosal neurons, at least in part, via an indirect IL-1β-dependent pathway.

Submucosal plexus alone integrates motor activity and epithelial transport in rat jejunum

1990 ◽  
Vol 259 (4) ◽  
pp. G593-G598 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. See ◽  
B. Greenwood ◽  
P. Bass
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Motor Activity ◽  
Ion Transport ◽  
Myenteric Plexus ◽  
Enteric Neurons ◽  
Intraluminal Pressure ◽  
Temporal Association ◽  
Rat Jejunum ◽  
Submucosal Plexus ◽  
Extrinsic Nerves

It has been well established in several mammalian species, including humans, that contractions of jejunal smooth muscle correlate temporally with increases in mucosal ion transport. Furthermore, this correlation is abolished through local application of neurotoxins, suggesting interaction of enteric neurons. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the myenteric plexus is involved in this correlation. In the rat jejunum in vivo, we simultaneously measured phasic changes in intraluminal pressure and transmural potential difference (PD) as indicators of smooth muscle motor activity and epithelial ion transport, respectively. We compared the temporal association of these parameters in control animals with animals in which either the extrinsic nerves only or the extrinsic nerves and the myenteric plexus of a 5-cm jejunal segment had been ablated 30 days previously. A one-to-one coupling between muscle contractions and transmural PD fluctuations was observed in all animals; ablation of the extrinsic and/or myenteric neurons did not eliminate this correlation. We conclude that, in the rat jejunum, the submucosal plexus alone can integrate the reflex that couples ion secretion to muscle contraction.

scholarly journals Effect of chemically-induced diabetes mellitus on phenotypic variability of the enteric neurons in the descending colon in the pig

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Bulc ◽  
Jarosław Całka ◽  
Łukasz Zielonka ◽  
Michał Dąbrowski ◽  
Katarzyna Palus
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Myenteric Plexus ◽  
Phenotypic Variability ◽  
Enteric Neurons ◽  
Submucosal Plexus ◽  
Chemically Induced ◽  
Calcitonin Gene ◽  
Descending Colon ◽  
Quantitative Changes ◽  
Oxide Synthase

AbstractGastrointestinal neuropathy in diabetes is one of numerous diseases resulting in abnormal functioning of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), and it may affect any section of the GIT, including the descending colon. In the gastrointestinal system, the neurons are arranged in an interconnecting network defined as the enteric nervous system (ENS) which includes the myenteric plexus and the submucosal plexuses: inner and outer. Regular functioning of the ENS is determined by normal synthesis of the neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. This paper demonstrates the effect of hyperglycaemia on the number of enteric neurons which are immunoreactive to: neural isoform of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), galanin (GAL), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and cocaine amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) in the porcine descending colon. It was demonstrated that there was a statistically significant increase in the number of neurons within the myenteric plexus immunoreactive to all investigated substances. In the outer submucosal plexus, the CART-positive neurons were the only ones not to change, whereas no changes were recorded for nNOS or CART in the inner submucosal plexus. This study is the first study to discuss quantitative changes in the neurons immunoreactive to nNOS, VIP, GAL, CGRP and CART in the descending colon in diabetic pigs.

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